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Get Ahead with Curio’s Free GP Study Package!

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  • A government that lacks the trust of its citizens is destined to collapse. Do you agree?
  • Is it always ethical for medical science to prioritize extending human life?
  • ‘Freedom of expression is a luxury we cannot afford.’ How far is this true in your society?
  • To what extent has tourism contributed to environmental damage?
  • To what extent is social media activism effective?

These essays serve as excellent references, showing you how to structure arguments effectively and develop nuanced perspectives. Plus, our Curated Reading List will guide you toward insightful articles and resources to broaden your understanding of key issues.

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How to Study Shakespeare: Julius Caesar

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“The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones.”

― William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar

“Julius Caesar” by William Shakespeare is a timeless tragedy that revolves around the events leading up to the assassination of the Roman dictator, Julius Caesar, and its aftermath. The play unfolds in ancient Rome, amidst a backdrop of political intrigue, ambition, and betrayal. The central conflict arises from the growing tension between Caesar’s increasing power and the concerns of his fellow senators, particularly Brutus and Cassius, who fear that Caesar’s ambition poses a threat to the Republic. As the conspirators plot to assassinate Caesar, they grapple with questions of honor, loyalty, and the greater good, setting the stage for a dramatic confrontation that will alter the course of history.

The assassination of Caesar sets off a chain reaction of events that plunge Rome into chaos and civil war. Amidst the power struggle that ensues, the characters grapple with the consequences of their actions and the moral complexities of political upheaval. Mark Antony, Caesar’s loyal friend, emerges as a key figure in the aftermath of the assassination, delivering a stirring funeral oration that incites the Roman populace against the conspirators. The play culminates in a series of battles and betrayals, leading to the tragic downfall of Brutus and the triumph of Caesar’s avengers. Through its exploration of themes such as power, ambition, and the nature of leadership, “Julius Caesar” offers a timeless reflection on the complexities of politics and the human condition.

Main Characters in Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar: The titular character of the play, Julius Caesar is a powerful and ambitious leader who has risen to become dictator of Rome. He is depicted as a charismatic and influential figure, admired by the Roman populace but also feared by some of his fellow senators who believe his growing power threatens the Republic. Caesar’s assassination at the hands of a group of conspirators, including his close friend Brutus, sets off a chain of events that ultimately leads to civil war and political upheaval in Rome.

Brutus: Brutus is one of the central characters in the play and a key figure in the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar. He is portrayed as an honorable and principled man who is motivated by his love for Rome and his belief in the principles of republicanism. Despite his friendship with Caesar, Brutus ultimately decides to join the conspiracy out of fear for the future of Rome and a desire to preserve its democratic institutions. However, Brutus’s decision to betray Caesar weighs heavily on his conscience, and he struggles with feelings of guilt and remorse throughout the play.

Mark Antony: Mark Antony is a loyal friend of Caesar and a prominent figure in the aftermath of his assassination. He delivers a powerful funeral oration that incites the Roman populace against the conspirators and ignites a civil war. Antony is depicted as a skilled politician and manipulator who is able to rally support for Caesar’s cause through his persuasive rhetoric and strategic cunning. Despite his loyalty to Caesar, Antony’s ambition and thirst for power ultimately lead to his downfall.

Cassius: Cassius is one of the primary instigators of the conspiracy against Caesar and a key antagonist in the play. He is depicted as a cunning and manipulative figure who is motivated by jealousy and resentment towards Caesar’s growing power. Cassius recruits Brutus to join the conspiracy and plays a central role in orchestrating Caesar’s assassination. However, Cassius’s ambitions ultimately lead to his downfall, as his impulsive decisions and lack of foresight contribute to the defeat of the conspirators in the ensuing civil war.

Themes in Julius Caesar

  • Power and Ambition: “Julius Caesar” explores the theme of power and ambition through the rise and fall of its titular character. Caesar’s ambition to become dictator of Rome leads to his assassination by a group of conspirators who fear his growing power. The play examines the consequences of unchecked ambition and the corrupting influence of power on individuals and society.
  • Fate vs. Free Will: The theme of fate vs. free will is central to “Julius Caesar,” as characters grapple with questions of destiny and agency. Despite the belief in fate and omens, characters such as Caesar and Brutus are portrayed as having the ability to shape their own destinies through their choices and actions. The play raises questions about the extent to which individuals can control their own fate and the role of fate in determining the course of history.
  • Betrayal and Loyalty: Betrayal and loyalty are recurring themes in “Julius Caesar,” particularly in the context of political intrigue and conspiracy. Brutus’s decision to betray Caesar, his friend and mentor, highlights the tension between personal loyalty and allegiance to one’s country. The play explores the complexities of loyalty and the consequences of betrayal, as characters grapple with conflicting loyalties and moral dilemmas.
  • Rhetoric and Manipulation: “Julius Caesar” examines the theme of rhetoric and manipulation through the use of persuasive language and political propaganda. Characters such as Mark Antony and Cassius use rhetoric as a tool to sway public opinion and advance their own agendas. The play underscores the power of language to shape perceptions and influence behavior, highlighting the importance of critical thinking and discernment in the face of manipulation.

The Setting in Julius Caesar

“Julius Caesar” by William Shakespeare is set in ancient Rome during a time of political upheaval and unrest. The play unfolds against the backdrop of a city teetering on the brink of civil war, as tensions simmer between Caesar’s supporters and those who fear his growing power. The setting of Rome serves as a vibrant and dynamic backdrop for the events of the play, with its bustling streets, grand architecture, and bustling marketplace reflecting the energy and vitality of the city. However, beneath the surface of Roman society lies a simmering undercurrent of political intrigue, ambition, and betrayal, as characters jostle for power and influence in the corridors of power.

In addition to Rome itself, “Julius Caesar” also explores settings such as the Capitol, the Senate House, and the streets of Rome, each of which plays a crucial role in the unfolding drama. The Capitol, where Caesar is assassinated, serves as a symbol of political authority and the seat of power in Rome. The Senate House, where the conspirators plot against Caesar, becomes a site of political intrigue and betrayal. The streets of Rome, meanwhile, serve as a backdrop for the play’s numerous public speeches and demonstrations, where characters such as Mark Antony and Brutus use rhetoric to sway public opinion and rally support for their respective causes. Through its richly evocative settings, “Julius Caesar” brings the world of ancient Rome to life, immersing audiences in a vivid and compelling portrayal of one of history’s most dramatic periods.

Symbols in Julius Caesar

The Soothsayer: The soothsayer symbolizes the theme of fate and foreshadows the tragic events to come. His warning to Caesar to “beware the Ides of March” serves as a portent of Caesar’s impending assassination and underscores the inevitability of fate.

The Crown: The crown symbolizes ambition and power, as well as the corrupting influence of unchecked ambition. Caesar’s desire to be crowned king is a central motivation for his assassination, reflecting the fear among his detractors that his ambition poses a threat to the Republic.

The Dagger: The dagger symbolizes betrayal and violence, particularly in the context of Caesar’s assassination. Brutus’s decision to stab Caesar with a dagger represents the ultimate act of betrayal, as he sacrifices his friendship with Caesar in the name of preserving the Republic.

The Ghost of Caesar: The ghost of Caesar symbolizes the consequences of betrayal and the guilt that haunts the conspirators. His appearance to Brutus serves as a reminder of the moral ambiguity of their actions and the inevitability of retribution.

The Storm: The storm symbolises the chaos and upheaval that follow Caesar’s assassination. Its raging fury reflects the turbulence of Roman society in the aftermath of Caesar’s death, as political factions vie for power and the city descends into civil war.

Quotable Quotes in Julius Caesar

“Beware the Ides of March.” – Soothsayer, Act I, Scene 2

The Soothsayer warns Caesar to be cautious on the Ides of March, foreshadowing the events of his assassination on that day.

“Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar.” – Julius Caesar, Act III, Scene 1

Caesar’s famous last words as he recognizes his close friend Brutus among his assassins, expressing shock and betrayal before succumbing to his wounds.

“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.” – Mark Antony, Act III, Scene 2

Mark Antony’s famous opening line of his funeral oration for Caesar, in which he appeals to the Roman citizens to listen to his speech.

“Cry ‘Havoc!’ and let slip the dogs of war.” – Mark Antony, Act III, Scene 1

Antony’s impassioned speech to incite the Roman citizens to rebellion against the conspirators, using vivid imagery to evoke the chaos of war.

“The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings.” – Cassius, Act I, Scene 2

Cassius’s reflection on personal responsibility and the human capacity for agency, suggesting that individuals are masters of their own fate rather than subject to the whims of fate.

“Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once.” – Julius Caesar, Act II, Scene 2

Caesar’s stoic acceptance of his mortality, expressing the idea that true courage lies in facing death with dignity and resolve.

“Men at some time are masters of their fates: The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings.” – Cassius, Act I, Scene 2

Cassius’s assertion that individuals have the power to control their destinies, emphasizing the importance of personal agency and self-determination.

“The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred with their bones.” – Mark Antony, Act III, Scene 2

Antony’s reflection on the enduring impact of people’s actions, suggesting that their misdeeds are remembered long after their deaths while their virtues are forgotten.

“This was the noblest Roman of them all.” – Mark Antony, Act V, Scene 5

Antony’s tribute to Brutus at the end of the play, acknowledging his noble qualities and praising his integrity and honor, despite their differences and conflicts.

“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.” – Mark Antony, Act III, Scene 2

Another excerpt from Antony’s funeral oration, in which he seeks to manipulate the crowd’s emotions by initially claiming to honor Caesar’s memory before subtly turning them against the conspirators.

Looking for Help with Literature?

Curio offers English Language, English Literature and General Paper group tuition in online classes. We cover the ‘O’ level, ‘A’ level and the new Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) which is to be offered in 2027. We also teach students in the Integrated Programme (IP) be it English, Literature or Language Arts. 

As different schools are covering different novels, plays or poetry, we try to group students according to school or text. We even have classes which cover only Unseen Poetry (to the great joy of our JC students). Our Literature classes are incredibly enjoyable as students not only learn how to tackle the exams, they also learn empathy, appreciation and how to broaden their worldview. Classes for younger students typically begin with a quiz (with Kahoot, Blooket etc) to help them to remember the plot of a novel. We then go on to teach annotation and answering techniques (e.g using PEEL, PEAL or PEDAL). Older students benefit from an in depth discussion of a poet, playwright or novelist’s works. This is followed up with essay outlines or a detailed analysis of passage based questions. 

No time for tuition? Then check out Curio’s Independent Marking and Feedback programme. A dedicated teacher will send you personalised notes and tests with marking, advice and feedback!  Curio teachers are also available via whatsapp and email for questions on anything related to the subject. Many of our students thrive from not having to block out time to attend weekly lessons, but still have the benefit of a Curio coach’s nurturing and experience.

To find out more, call or get in touch with us on whatsapp at 8892 2948. We are also available on email: [email protected].

How to Study Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice

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“One half of me is yours, the other half is yours, Mine own, I would say; but if mine, then yours, And so all yours.”

― William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice

“The Merchant of Venice” is a complex comedy by William Shakespeare that explores themes of love, prejudice, and justice in 16th-century Venice. At its core, the play revolves around the intertwined fates of several characters, including the wealthy merchant Antonio, the Jewish moneylender Shylock, and the young Venetian nobleman Bassanio. Antonio agrees to lend money to Bassanio so he can woo the wealthy heiress Portia, but he is unable to fulfil his own financial obligations, leading to a high-stakes legal dispute with Shylock, who seeks a pound of Antonio’s flesh as collateral for the loan. Meanwhile, Portia and her maid Nerissa disguise themselves as men and travel to Venice to assist in the trial, leading to a series of mistaken identities and comic misunderstandings.

As the play unfolds, Shakespeare explores the complexities of love and loyalty, as well as the corrosive effects of prejudice and intolerance. The character of Shylock, in particular, serves as a focal point for the exploration of discrimination and the consequences of hatred. Despite being portrayed as a villainous figure motivated by revenge, Shylock’s humanity is evident in his famous “Hath not a Jew eyes?” speech, in which he eloquently challenges the prejudice he faces as a Jewish man in Venetian society. Ultimately, “The Merchant of Venice” offers a nuanced portrayal of its characters and themes, challenging audiences to consider questions of mercy, justice, and the nature of forgiveness.

Characters in The Merchant of Venice

Antonio: Antonio is the titular merchant of Venice and a wealthy businessman. He is depicted as generous and loyal to his friends, particularly Bassanio, whom he helps by borrowing money from Shylock. However, Antonio is also melancholic and harbors a deep disdain for Shylock, which ultimately leads to his predicament when he cannot repay the loan. Antonio’s character serves as a symbol of Christian virtue and friendship, but also as a representation of the biases and prejudices of his society.

Shylock: Shylock is a Jewish moneylender and one of the most complex characters in the play. He is portrayed as a victim of discrimination and prejudice due to his religion, which fuels his desire for revenge against Antonio. Shylock’s insistence on the pound of flesh as collateral for his loan reflects his desire for justice and retribution. However, his character also exhibits traits of greed and ruthlessness, particularly in his treatment of his own daughter, Jessica. Shylock’s role in the play raises questions about the nature of justice, mercy, and the consequences of hatred.

Portia: Portia is a wealthy heiress from Belmont and one of the play’s most prominent female characters. She is intelligent, witty, and resourceful, as demonstrated by her successful manipulation of the trial to save Antonio. Portia disguises herself as a male lawyer to argue on behalf of Antonio and ultimately outwits Shylock in the courtroom. Portia’s character challenges traditional gender roles and stereotypes, embodying qualities of intelligence and agency that defy the expectations of her society.

Bassanio: Bassanio is a young Venetian nobleman and close friend of Antonio. He is depicted as charming and somewhat impulsive, particularly in his pursuit of Portia’s hand in marriage. Bassanio borrows money from Antonio to finance his courtship of Portia, setting the events of the play in motion. Despite his flaws, Bassanio is ultimately portrayed as honorable and loyal to his friends, particularly Antonio. His character serves as a foil to the more complex and morally ambiguous figures of Antonio and Shylock.

Themes in The Merchant of Venice

  • Prejudice and Discrimination: One of the central themes of “The Merchant of Venice” is prejudice and discrimination, particularly against Shylock, the Jewish moneylender. Throughout the play, Shylock faces persecution and mistreatment due to his religion and ethnicity. His character serves as a symbol of the intolerance and bias that pervade Venetian society, highlighting the destructive effects of prejudice on both individuals and communities.
  • Justice and Mercy: The theme of justice and mercy is explored through the trial scene, where Shylock seeks to claim his pound of flesh from Antonio as collateral for a loan. The trial becomes a platform for examining questions of fairness, forgiveness, and the limits of the law. Portia’s famous speech on the quality of mercy underscores the importance of compassion and humanity in the pursuit of justice, challenging the rigid legalism of the courtroom.
  • Appearance vs. Reality: “The Merchant of Venice” also explores the theme of appearance versus reality, as characters often conceal their true intentions behind masks of deception and illusion. Portia and Nerissa disguise themselves as male lawyers to manipulate the outcome of the trial, while Jessica disguises herself as a boy to escape her father’s control. The play highlights the deceptive nature of appearances and the consequences of relying on surface-level judgments.
  • Friendship and Loyalty: Friendship and loyalty are central themes in “The Merchant of Venice,” particularly in the relationship between Antonio and Bassanio. Antonio’s willingness to sacrifice his own well-being for the sake of his friend reflects the enduring bonds of friendship and loyalty. The play also explores the complexities of loyalty within families, as Jessica’s decision to elope with Lorenzo tests her loyalty to her father, Shylock. Through these relationships, the play examines the qualities of trust, devotion, and sacrifice that define true friendship and loyalty.

The Setting in The Merchant of Venice

“The Merchant of Venice” is primarily set in the vibrant city of Venice during the Renaissance period, a bustling commercial hub known for its trade and wealth. The setting of Venice serves as a backdrop for the play’s exploration of themes such as commerce, cultural diversity, and societal norms. The city’s canals, bustling markets, and grand palaces evoke a sense of opulence and prosperity, reflecting the mercantile spirit of the era. Venice is depicted as a cosmopolitan melting pot where people from different backgrounds and cultures come together, yet it is also a place marked by prejudice and discrimination, particularly against marginalised groups such as Jews.

Additionally, much of the action in “The Merchant of Venice” takes place in Belmont, a fictional idyllic estate located outside of Venice. Belmont serves as a contrast to the bustling city, offering a tranquil and picturesque setting that symbolises beauty, love, and harmony. It is in Belmont where characters like Portia reside, and where much of the play’s romantic intrigue unfolds. The lush gardens, elegant architecture, and peaceful atmosphere of Belmont provide a stark contrast to the tensions and conflicts that arise in Venice, highlighting the dichotomy between appearance and reality, as well as the themes of love and mercy that permeate the play.

Symbols in The Merchant of Venice

The Casket: The casket symbolises the theme of appearance versus reality, as well as the idea of choice and consequence. In the play, Portia’s suitors are presented with three caskets made of gold, silver, and lead, each inscribed with a clue about choosing the right one to win Portia’s hand in marriage.

The caskets represent the superficial qualities that often deceive people in judging others, highlighting the importance of looking beyond appearances to discover true worth.

The Pound of Flesh: The pound of flesh symbolises the theme of justice and mercy, as well as the consequences of vengeance and greed. In the trial scene, Shylock demands a pound of Antonio’s flesh as collateral for a loan that Antonio cannot repay.

The demand for the pound of flesh represents Shylock’s desire for revenge and retribution against Antonio, as well as the harshness and inflexibility of the law. Ultimately, the symbol of the pound of flesh becomes a test of mercy and compassion, as Portia argues for Antonio’s life to be spared.

The Rings: The rings symbolise loyalty, fidelity, and the complexities of human relationships. In the play, both Bassanio and Gratiano give their rings to Portia and Nerissa as tokens of their love and commitment.

However, when Portia and Nerissa disguise themselves as male lawyers and manipulate the trial outcome, they demand the rings as payment for their services. The exchange of rings becomes a test of loyalty and trust, revealing the strength of the bonds between husbands and wives, as well as the consequences of deception and betrayal.

Quotable Quotes in The Merchant of Venice

“All that glitters is not gold.” – Prince of Morocco, Act II, Scene 7

The Prince of Morocco speaks these words as he considers the three caskets in Portia’s challenge. The quote serves as a reminder that appearances can be deceptive, urging the prince to look beyond surface-level qualities.

“The quality of mercy is not strained.” – Portia, Act IV, Scene 1

Portia delivers this famous speech in the trial scene, arguing for the importance of mercy and compassion in the administration of justice. The quote emphasizes the value of forgiveness and empathy in human relationships.

“If you prick us, do we not bleed?” – Shylock, Act III, Scene 1

Shylock speaks these words in a speech confronting the discrimination he faces as a Jew. The quote challenges the prejudice and intolerance of Venetian society, asserting the humanity and equality of all people.

“How far that little candle throws his beams! So shines a good deed in a naughty world.” – Portia, Act V, Scene 1

Portia reflects on the power of goodness and virtue to illuminate the darkness of the world. The quote highlights the transformative effect of kindness and generosity in the face of adversity.

“Mislike me not for my complexion.” – Morocco, Act II, Scene 1

The Prince of Morocco speaks these words as he introduces himself to Portia. The quote addresses the issue of racial prejudice, asserting the prince’s worth beyond his appearance.

“I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions?” – Shylock, Act III, Scene 1

Shylock delivers this impassioned speech defending his humanity and dignity as a Jew. The quote challenges the dehumanization and discrimination faced by marginalized groups.

“But love is blind, and lovers cannot see The pretty follies that themselves commit.” – Jessica, Act II, Scene 6

Jessica reflects on the irrationality of love and the blindness it often brings. The quote highlights the complexities of romantic relationships and the capacity for individuals to overlook their own faults.

“So may the outward shows be least themselves; The world is still deceived with ornament.” – Bassanio, Act III, Scene 2

Bassanio reflects on the deceptive nature of appearances and the tendency for people to be misled by external qualities. The quote emphasizes the importance of looking beyond surface-level attributes to discover true worth.

“All debts are cleared between you and I, if I might but see you at my death.” – Shylock, Act IV, Scene 1

Shylock offers to forgive Antonio’s debt if Antonio agrees to let Shylock see him at the moment of Shylock’s death. The quote underscores Shylock’s desire for revenge and the lengths he is willing to go to satisfy his thirst for retribution.

“The man that hath no music in himself, Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils.” – Lorenzo, Act V, Scene 1

Lorenzo speaks these words as he muses on the power of music to inspire and uplift the human spirit. The quote reflects on the transformative effect of art and beauty in shaping human behavior and character.

Looking for Help with Literature?

Curio offers English Language, English Literature and General Paper group tuition in online classes. We cover the ‘O’ level, ‘A’ level and the new Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) which is to be offered in 2027. We also teach students in the Integrated Programme (IP) be it English, Literature or Language Arts. 

As different schools are covering different novels, plays or poetry, we try to group students according to school or text. We even have classes which cover only Unseen Poetry (to the great joy of our JC students). Our Literature classes are incredibly enjoyable as students not only learn how to tackle the exams, they also learn empathy, appreciation and how to broaden their worldview. Classes for younger students typically begin with a quiz (with Kahoot, Blooket etc) to help them to remember the plot of a novel. We then go on to teach annotation and answering techniques (e.g using PEEL, PEAL or PEDAL). Older students benefit from an in depth discussion of a poet, playwright or novelist’s works. This is followed up with essay outlines or a detailed analysis of passage based questions. 

No time for tuition? Then check out Curio’s Independent Marking and Feedback programme. A dedicated teacher will send you personalised notes and tests with marking, advice and feedback!  Curio teachers are also available via whatsapp and email for questions on anything related to the subject. Many of our students thrive from not having to block out time to attend weekly lessons, but still have the benefit of a Curio coach’s nurturing and experience.

To find out more, call or get in touch with us on whatsapp at 8892 2948. We are also available on email: [email protected].

How to Study Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet

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“My bounty is as boundless as the sea,
My love as deep; the more I give to thee, The more I have, for both are infinite.”

― William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

“Romeo and Juliet” by William Shakespeare is a timeless tragedy that unfolds amidst the feuding families of Verona, the Montagues, and the Capulets. The play centres around the passionate love affair between Romeo, a Montague, and Juliet, a Capulet, whose families’ long-standing enmity poses a formidable obstacle to their romance. Despite the strife surrounding them, Romeo and Juliet are undeterred, exchanging vows of love in secret and ultimately marrying in hopes of uniting their families. However, their happiness is short-lived as a series of misunderstandings, impulsive decisions, and tragic circumstances lead to their untimely demise.

Shakespeare masterfully weaves themes of love, fate, and conflict throughout “Romeo and Juliet,” exploring the complexities of human emotion and the consequences of unchecked passion. The play’s iconic characters, from the impetuous Romeo and headstrong Juliet to the wise Friar Laurence and hot-headed Tybalt, navigate a world fraught with violence and turmoil. As the play unfolds, Shakespeare delves into the destructive power of hatred and the transformative nature of love, culminating in a heart-wrenching conclusion that serves as a poignant reminder of the fragility of life and the enduring power of love.

Characters in Romeo and Juliet

Romeo Montague: The young heir of the Montague family, Romeo is characterized by his passionate nature and impulsive actions. He falls deeply in love with Juliet at first sight, despite being previously infatuated with another girl, Rosaline. Romeo’s romanticism and willingness to defy societal norms ultimately lead to tragic consequences for himself and his beloved.

Juliet Capulet: The young daughter of the Capulet family, Juliet is portrayed as intelligent, independent, and headstrong. Despite being betrothed to Paris by her parents, Juliet falls in love with Romeo and is willing to defy her family’s wishes to be with him. Her love for Romeo is intense and unwavering, even in the face of adversity, and she ultimately chooses to take her own life rather than live without him.

Friar Laurence: A Franciscan friar and confidant to Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurence is wise and compassionate but ultimately makes decisions that contribute to the tragedy. He agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet in secret, hoping to reconcile their families, but his plans unravel due to unforeseen circumstances. Friar Laurence’s intentions are noble, but his actions inadvertently lead to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.

Tybalt Capulet: Juliet’s hot-headed cousin, Tybalt is quick to anger and eager to defend the honor of his family. He despises Romeo and is responsible for sparking the feud that ultimately leads to tragic consequences. Tybalt’s impulsive actions escalate the conflict between the Montagues and Capulets, contributing to the downfall of Romeo and Juliet.

Lord and Lady Capulet: Juliet’s parents, Lord Capulet and Lady Capulet, play significant roles in shaping the events of the play. Lord Capulet initially appears supportive of Juliet’s wishes but becomes enraged when she refuses to marry Paris. Lady Capulet is less involved in Juliet’s life but ultimately sides with her husband in their efforts to control their daughter’s future.

Lord and Lady Montague: Romeo’s parents, Lord Montague and Lady Montague, are less prominently featured in the play but are affected by the feud between their family and the Capulets. They express concern for Romeo’s melancholy and ultimately suffer the loss of their only son as a result of the feud.

Nurse: She is a key character in Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet,” serving as Juliet’s trusted confidante and surrogate mother figure. She is characterized by her earthy humor, bawdy language, and genuine affection for Juliet. As the Capulet family’s nursemaid, she has raised Juliet from infancy and shares a close bond with her, offering guidance and support in matters of love and life.

Throughout the play, the Nurse acts as a mediator between Romeo and Juliet, facilitating their secret meetings and aiding in their clandestine romance. She is privy to Juliet’s most intimate thoughts and desires, providing a sympathetic ear and practical advice. However, the Nurse’s loyalty is ultimately tested when she encourages Juliet to marry Paris after Romeo is banished, believing it to be in her best interest. Despite her misguided actions, the Nurse’s love for Juliet remains unwavering, and her character adds depth and complexity to the themes of love, loyalty, and familial obligation in “Romeo and Juliet.”

Themes in Romeo and Juliet

  • Love: Love is the central theme of “Romeo and Juliet,” encompassing both romantic love and familial love. The passionate love between Romeo and Juliet transcends societal barriers, but it is also impulsive and reckless, leading to tragedy. Their love challenges the longstanding feud between the Montagues and Capulets, highlighting the transformative power of love in overcoming hatred and division.
  • Fate and Destiny: “Romeo and Juliet” explores the concept of fate and the idea that the characters’ destinies are predetermined. From the opening prologue, which foreshadows the lovers’ tragic end, to the series of coincidences and misunderstandings that lead to their deaths, fate plays a significant role in shaping the events of the play. The characters’ belief in fate influences their actions and decisions, ultimately contributing to the inevitability of the tragedy.
  • Conflict and Violence: The feud between the Montagues and Capulets serves as the backdrop for the play’s conflict and violence. The simmering animosity between the two families erupts in street brawls and duels, leading to death and destruction. “Romeo and Juliet” explores the destructive nature of hatred and the consequences of unresolved conflict, highlighting the tragic toll it takes on both individuals and society.
  • Youth and Impulsiveness: The impulsive actions of the young characters in “Romeo and Juliet” drive much of the plot. Romeo and Juliet’s hasty decision to marry in secret, as well as their rash choices in the face of adversity, reflect the impetuosity of youth. The play explores the consequences of acting on impulse without considering the long-term repercussions, emphasizing the need for maturity and wisdom in navigating life’s challenges.
  • Familial Duty and Loyalty: The obligations of family and loyalty to one’s kin are recurring themes in “Romeo and Juliet.” Juliet’s struggle between her love for Romeo and her loyalty to her parents illustrates the tension between individual desire and familial duty. Similarly, Romeo’s allegiance to his family and friends conflicts with his love for Juliet. The play explores the complexities of family dynamics and the sacrifices individuals make in the name of duty and honor.

The Setting in Romeo and Juliet

The setting of “Romeo and Juliet” is the city of Verona, Italy, a vibrant and bustling urban center that serves as the backdrop for the tragic love story. Verona is depicted as a city deeply divided by the longstanding feud between the Montague and Capulet families, whose animosity permeates every aspect of society. The streets of Verona are characterized by tension and violence, with frequent clashes between the rival factions erupting into brawls and duels. This atmosphere of hostility contributes to the sense of urgency and danger that pervades the play, as the lovers navigate the treacherous terrain of forbidden love.

Within the city of Verona, specific locations play a significant role in the unfolding drama of “Romeo and Juliet.” The iconic balcony scene takes place in the Capulet family’s orchard, where Romeo professes his love to Juliet under the cover of night. The balcony itself becomes a symbol of the lovers’ clandestine romance, providing a sanctuary where they can escape the constraints of their warring families. Additionally, the streets and public squares of Verona serve as meeting places for the characters, where chance encounters and fateful meetings propel the plot forward. These settings reflect the bustling energy and social hierarchy of Renaissance-era Verona, providing a rich backdrop for the tragic events that unfold.

Beyond the confines of the city, the natural world also plays a significant role in “Romeo and Juliet.” The play’s opening prologue describes Verona as a place “where civil blood makes civil hands unclean,” evoking images of a city stained by violence and conflict. The contrast between the beauty of nature and the ugliness of human behavior underscores the central themes of love, fate, and the destructive power of hatred. Throughout the play, references to the natural world, such as the sun, moon, and stars, serve as symbols of the lovers’ passionate romance and the forces that conspire against them.

Symbols in Romeo and Juliet

The Balcony: The balcony at the Capulet household serves as a symbol of romantic love and clandestine meetings. It is where Romeo and Juliet share their famous exchange of vows, defying the barriers imposed by their feuding families. The balcony scene encapsulates the lovers’ desire for intimacy and connection amidst the chaos and hostility of their surroundings.

The Poison: Poison represents the destructive consequences of unchecked hatred and violence in “Romeo and Juliet.” It is the substance that ultimately leads to the tragic demise of the young lovers, as Romeo drinks poison to be with Juliet in death. Poison symbolises the toxicity of the feud between the Montagues and Capulets, as well as the fatal consequences of impulsive actions and unresolved conflict.

The Stars: Throughout “Romeo and Juliet,” references to the stars symbolise fate and destiny. The characters often look to the heavens for guidance or to seek solace in their troubled circumstances. The idea that the stars govern human affairs suggests a sense of predestination, highlighting the inevitability of the tragic events that unfold.

Quotable Quotes in Romeo and Juliet

“But, soft! What light through yonder window breaks?” – Romeo, Act II, Scene 2

Romeo speaks these words as he catches sight of Juliet on her balcony. The quote captures the awe and wonder of Romeo’s love for Juliet, as he is captivated by her beauty and compares her to the rising sun.

“O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?” – Juliet, Act II, Scene 2

Juliet speaks these words while lamenting the fact that Romeo is a member of the rival Montague family. The quote expresses Juliet’s longing for Romeo and her frustration with the societal barriers that keep them apart.

“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” – Juliet, Act II, Scene 2

Juliet utters these words as she reflects on the insignificance of names in defining love. The quote suggests that the names Montague and Capulet are meaningless labels that do not affect the true essence of Romeo and Juliet’s love for each other.

“A plague o’ both your houses!” – Mercutio, Act III, Scene 1

Mercutio curses both the Montague and Capulet families after being mortally wounded in a duel. The quote reflects Mercutio’s frustration with the ongoing feud and his belief that the conflict has brought about his untimely death.

“Parting is such sweet sorrow.” – Juliet, Act II, Scene 2

Juliet speaks these words as Romeo prepares to leave her after their secret meeting. The quote captures the bittersweet nature of their parting, as Juliet longs for Romeo’s presence but knows they must part ways for the time being.

“These violent delights have violent ends.” – Friar Laurence, Act II, Scene 6

Friar Laurence warns Romeo about the consequences of rushing into marriage with Juliet. The quote foreshadows the tragic outcome of their love affair, suggesting that their passionate romance will ultimately lead to disaster.

“O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!” – Romeo, Act I, Scene 5

Romeo speaks these words upon seeing Juliet for the first time at the Capulet’s party. The quote reflects Romeo’s immediate infatuation with Juliet and his belief that her beauty outshines everything else in the room.

“For never was a story of more woe than this of Juliet and her Romeo.” – Prince Escalus, Act V, Scene 3

Prince Escalus speaks these words at the conclusion of the play, lamenting the tragic fate of Romeo and Juliet. The quote encapsulates the sorrowful tone of the play and emphasizes the magnitude of the lovers’ untimely deaths.

“Wisely and slow; they stumble that run fast.” – Friar Laurence, Act II, Scene 3

Friar Laurence advises Romeo to proceed with caution in his relationship with Juliet. The quote emphasizes the importance of patience and deliberation, suggesting that rushing into things can lead to disastrous consequences.

“Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, That I shall say good night till it be morrow.” – Juliet, Act II, Scene 2

Explanation: Juliet speaks these words as Romeo prepares to leave her after their secret meeting. The quote expresses Juliet’s reluctance to part from Romeo, as she wishes the night could continue indefinitely.

Looking for Help with Literature?

Curio offers English Language, English Literature and General Paper group tuition in online classes. We cover the ‘O’ level, ‘A’ level and the new Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) which is to be offered in 2027. We also teach students in the Integrated Programme (IP) be it English, Literature or Language Arts. 

As different schools are covering different novels, plays or poetry, we try to group students according to school or text. We even have classes which cover only Unseen Poetry (to the great joy of our JC students). Our Literature classes are incredibly enjoyable as students not only learn how to tackle the exams, they also learn empathy, appreciation and how to broaden their worldview. Classes for younger students typically begin with a quiz (with Kahoot, Blooket etc) to help them to remember the plot of a novel. We then go on to teach annotation and answering techniques (e.g using PEEL, PEAL or PEDAL). Older students benefit from an in depth discussion of a poet, playwright or novelist’s works. This is followed up with essay outlines or a detailed analysis of passage based questions. 

No time for tuition? Then check out Curio’s Independent Marking and Feedback programme. A dedicated teacher will send you personalised notes and tests with marking, advice and feedback!  Curio teachers are also available via whatsapp and email for questions on anything related to the subject. Many of our students thrive from not having to block out time to attend weekly lessons, but still have the benefit of a Curio coach’s nurturing and experience.

To elevate your study efforts, we’ve crafted a resource specifically for you—our Romeo & Juliet Study Guide: Passage-Based Exam Practice Papers, written by our expert teacher, Rebecca David. This guide is an indispensable tool for exam prep, offering practice papers, a comprehensive answer key, and Act-by-Act review quizzes to ensure you master the play. You’ll gain a resource that will truly make a difference in your exam preparation. Click here to get your copy today, along with discounts and more details.

To find out more, call or get in touch with us on whatsapp at 8892 2948. We are also available on email: [email protected].

How to Study Shakespeare: The Tempest

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“How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, that has such people in it!”

― William Shakespeare, The Tempest

“The Tempest” by William Shakespeare is a fabulous tale full of twists and turns. It is a story of magic, of revenge, and forgiveness. Set on a remote island, the play follows Prospero, a former Duke of Milan who was betrayed by his brother Antonio and left to die at sea with his daughter Miranda. Prospero, now a powerful sorcerer, conjures a storm to shipwreck his enemies on the island. Stranded, they encounter various inhabitants, including the monstrous Caliban and the ethereal spirit Ariel, both under Prospero’s control. As the characters navigate the island’s mysteries, Prospero orchestrates events to confront his foes and ultimately seeks redemption and reconciliation.

Amidst themes of power and authority, “The Tempest” explores the complexities of human relationships and the nature of forgiveness. Prospero’s journey from vengeance to mercy reflects Shakespeare’s exploration of the human condition, as characters grapple with their past actions and seek redemption. The play’s resolution sees forgiveness triumph over retribution, as Prospero forgives his enemies and relinquishes his magic, symbolising the triumph of compassion and reconciliation over resentment and power. “The Tempest” serves as a poignant meditation on forgiveness, reminding audiences of the transformative power of mercy and the importance of letting go of the past to embrace a brighter future.

The Tempest (Plot Summary)

Characters in The Tempest

Prospero: The rightful Duke of Milan, Prospero was usurped by his brother Antonio and left stranded on an island with his daughter, Miranda. He is a powerful sorcerer who uses magic to manipulate events on the island, seeking revenge on those who wronged him. Throughout the play, Prospero grapples with themes of forgiveness and redemption, ultimately choosing to forgive his enemies and relinquish his magic.

Miranda: Prospero’s daughter, Miranda, has lived on the island since infancy. She is innocent and naive about the world beyond the island until she meets and falls in love with Ferdinand, the son of Prospero’s enemy. Miranda’s compassion and love play a crucial role in the play’s themes of forgiveness and reconciliation.

Ariel: A spirit enslaved by Prospero, Ariel is instrumental in carrying out Prospero’s commands. Ariel is ethereal and magical, capable of taking on various forms and performing extraordinary tasks. Despite Ariel’s servitude, there is a sense of loyalty and longing for freedom, which adds depth to the character’s interactions with Prospero.

Caliban: The son of the witch Sycorax, Caliban is the island’s original inhabitant and serves as Prospero’s unwilling servant. He is depicted as brutish and uncivilised, with a deep resentment towards Prospero for enslaving him. Caliban’s character raises questions about colonisation, power dynamics, and the treatment of indigenous peoples.

Ferdinand: The son of Alonso, the King of Naples, Ferdinand is shipwrecked on the island and falls in love with Miranda. Despite his royal status, Ferdinand willingly performs tasks for Prospero to prove his love for Miranda. His relationship with Miranda symbolises love transcending social barriers.

Alonso: The King of Naples, Alonso is consumed by grief over the supposed loss of his son, Ferdinand. He is manipulated by Prospero’s magic and experiences guilt over his past actions, particularly his role in aiding Antonio’s usurpation of Prospero’s dukedom.

Antonio: Prospero’s treacherous brother who usurped his dukedom. Antonio is power-hungry and unrepentant for his actions. He represents betrayal and ambition, serving as one of Prospero’s primary adversaries in the play.

Gonzalo: A kindly old counsellor to Alonso, Gonzalo helped Prospero and Miranda escape when they were exiled. He is depicted as wise and compassionate, offering hope and solace amidst the turmoil of the island.

Themes in The Tempest

  • Power and Authority: “The Tempest” explores the dynamics of power and authority through characters like Prospero, who wields magical control over the island and its inhabitants. The play examines the consequences of wielding power responsibly or abusing it, as seen in Prospero’s manipulation of events and the power struggles between characters like Prospero and Antonio.
  • Forgiveness and Redemption: Central to the plot is the theme of forgiveness and redemption. Prospero, despite being wronged by his brother Antonio and others, ultimately chooses to forgive them. Through this act of forgiveness, Prospero finds personal redemption and closure, highlighting the transformative power of forgiveness and its ability to heal past wounds.
  • Colonialism and Otherness: “The Tempest” raises questions about colonialism and the treatment of the ‘other.’ Characters like Caliban, an indigenous inhabitant of the island, are marginalised and oppressed by Prospero, symbolising the colonial mindset of exploitation and domination. The play prompts reflection on issues of cultural imperialism, displacement, and the effects of colonisation.
  • Illusion vs. Reality: Throughout the play, illusions and reality blur, particularly through Prospero’s use of magic to manipulate events. Characters grapple with the distinction between appearance and reality, confronting their own perceptions and the truths that lie beneath. This theme invites contemplation on the nature of truth, deception, and the human tendency to be swayed by appearances.
  • Nature vs. Nurture: The characters in “The Tempest” are shaped by their environment and upbringing, prompting exploration of the nature versus nurture debate. Miranda’s innocence and purity contrast with Caliban’s brutishness, raising questions about the influence of upbringing and social conditioning on individual behaviour. The play invites reflection on the inherent qualities of human nature and the impact of the environment on character development.

The Setting in The Tempest

The setting of “The Tempest” is a remote island in the Mediterranean Sea, where much of the action unfolds. This isolated and mysterious island serves as a microcosm for the complexities of human nature and relationships. Surrounded by the vast expanse of the ocean, the island is cut off from the outside world, creating a sense of confinement and heightened tension among the characters. The island’s natural beauty, described vividly by Shakespeare through Prospero’s dialogue, contrasts with its dangers and secrets, adding to its allure and enigma.

Amidst the island’s lush vegetation and rocky terrain, Prospero’s magical powers are at their zenith. His command over the elements and the spirits that inhabit the island imbue the setting with an otherworldly atmosphere. The island becomes a stage for Prospero’s manipulation of events, as he orchestrates the shipwreck and exerts control over the other characters. This magical setting blurs the line between reality and illusion, creating an environment where anything seems possible, and where characters confront their innermost desires and fears.

Furthermore, the island serves as a symbol of transformation and renewal. Characters undergo profound changes during their time on the island, confronting their past actions and seeking redemption. Prospero’s decision to forgive his enemies and relinquish his magic marks a turning point in the play, signalling a rebirth and a fresh start for the characters. In this sense, the island represents a crucible of change, where characters are tested and ultimately emerge transformed, ready to embark on a new chapter in their lives.

Symbols in The Tempest

The storm serves as both a literal and metaphorical representation of chaos, turmoil, and the disruption of order. Prospero conjures the storm to shipwreck his enemies on the island, setting the stage for the events that unfold. The storm also symbolises the inner turmoil of the characters, particularly Prospero’s own internal conflict as he seeks revenge and ultimately chooses to forgive.

Prospero’s magic represents power, control, and the manipulation of reality. Through his sorcery, Prospero exerts influence over the events on the island, shaping the destinies of the other characters. His magic also serves as a metaphor for the creative power of the imagination and the transformative potential of forgiveness and redemption.

The island itself functions as a powerful symbol in the play. Isolated from the outside world, the island represents a liminal space where boundaries blur and hidden truths are revealed. It is a place of mystery and transformation, where characters confront their pasts and undergo profound changes. Through these symbols, Shakespeare invites audiences to delve deeper into the themes of power, forgiveness, and the complexity of the human condition.

Quotable Quotes in The Tempest

“We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep.” – Act IV, Scene 1

Prospero speaks these words as he reflects on the transient nature of human existence. The quote encapsulates the theme of illusion versus reality, suggesting that life is akin to a dream from which we eventually awaken.

“Hell is empty, and all the devils are here.” – Act I, Scene 2

Ariel delivers this line to Prospero, referring to the treachery and moral corruption present in the human world. It reflects the idea that evil exists not only in supernatural realms but also within humanity itself.

“What’s past is prologue.” – Act II, Scene 1

Antonio utters this line to Sebastian, suggesting that the events leading up to the present moment serve as a prelude to what is yet to come. It implies that history repeats itself and that past actions influence future outcomes.

“Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows.” – Act II, Scene 2

Trinculo speaks these words upon discovering Caliban hiding beneath a cloak during the storm. The quote humorously suggests that difficult circumstances can lead to unexpected alliances or encounters.

“O, wonder! How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world that has such people in’t!” – Act V, Scene 1

Miranda expresses awe and wonder upon encountering people other than her father for the first time. The quote reflects her innocence and naivety, as well as the theme of discovery and the excitement of encountering the unknown.

“He that dies pays all debts.” – Act III, Scene 2

Stephano says this line, indicating that death is the ultimate resolution of all obligations and debts. It reflects the character’s cynical outlook and also hints at the consequences of wrongdoing.

“What’s gone and what’s past help should be past grief.” – Act III, Scene 2

Alonso speaks these words, suggesting that dwelling on past misfortunes is futile and that one should move forward rather than lamenting what cannot be changed. It reflects a stoic attitude towards adversity.

“We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep.” – Act IV, Scene 1

Prospero speaks these words as he reflects on the transient nature of human existence. The quote encapsulates the theme of illusion versus reality, suggesting that life is akin to a dream from which we eventually awaken.

Looking for Help with Literature?

Curio offers English Language, English Literature and General Paper group tuition in online classes. We cover the ‘O’ level, ‘A’ level and the new Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) which is to be offered in 2027. We also teach students in the Integrated Programme (IP) be it English, Literature or Language Arts. 

As different schools are covering different novels, plays or poetry, we try to group students according to school or text. We even have classes which cover only Unseen Poetry (to the great joy of our JC students). Our Literature classes are incredibly enjoyable as students not only learn how to tackle the exams, they also learn empathy, appreciation and how to broaden their worldview. Classes for younger students typically begin with a quiz (with Kahoot, Blooket etc) to help them to remember the plot of a novel. We then go on to teach annotation and answering techniques (e.g using PEEL, PEAL or PEDAL). Older students benefit from an in depth discussion of a poet, playwright or novelist’s works. This is followed up with essay outlines or a detailed analysis of passage based questions. 

No time for tuition? Then check out Curio’s Independent Marking and Feedback programme. A dedicated teacher will send you personalised notes and tests with marking, advice and feedback!  Curio teachers are also available via whatsapp and email for questions on anything related to the subject. Many of our students thrive from not having to block out time to attend weekly lessons, but still have the benefit of a Curio coach’s nurturing and experience.

To find out more, call or get in touch with us on whatsapp at 8892 2948. We are also available on email: [email protected].

Literature Focus: The Giver by Lois Lowry

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“The worst part of holding the memories is not the pain. It's the loneliness of it. Memories need to be shared.”

― Lois Lowry, The Giver

“The Giver” by Lois Lowry delves into a dystopian world that masquerades as utopia, where individual freedoms are tightly controlled. The protagonist, Jonas, is selected to be the Receiver of Memories, mentored by the community’s elder Receiver known as the Giver.

During his training, Jonas unravels the hidden truths of his society, such as emotional suppression, lack of free will, and the dark practice of ‘release’ for those who defy societal norms.

The novel delves into themes of conformity, individuality, and the significance of memory and emotion in shaping human existence. Through Jonas’s experiences, Lowry prompts reflection on the consequences of a society that prioritises uniformity and control over individual choice and freedom.

Do you have a WA coming up on ‘The Giver’? Download the passage based mock tests below and give them a try! To get a teacher to mark your work and give you feedback, you might want to check out the advantages of the ‘Independent’ Marking & Feedback only plan on Curio.sg.

To find out more, call or get in touch with us on whatsapp at 8892 2948. We are also available on email: [email protected].

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Study Fahrenheit 451: A Fireman’s Fight for Truth

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“The magic is only in what books say, how they stitched the patches of the universe together into one garment for us.”
― Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451

“Fahrenheit 451” is a book by Ray Bradbury that was first published in 1953. It’s about a future in America where books are banned and there are “firemen” whose job is to burn any books they find. The main character is a fireman named Guy Montag who starts to question his job and society after he meets a girl named Clarisse who shows him the world of books and ideas. Montag ends up becoming a fugitive and joins a group of people who want to keep literature and knowledge alive.

“Fahrenheit 451” is considered one of the best science fiction books ever written and is a classic in American literature. It’s been made into movies, plays, and more. The significance of the title lies in the number itself – Fahrenheit 451 is the temperature at which paper catches fire.

Download the worksheets below to test yourself on essays and passage based questions. If you’re looking for some useful feedback and specific comments to help you improve, you should check out the English Literature Programme that’s exclusively available on Curio.sg! No time for tuition? Then check out Curio’s Independent Marking and Feedback programme. A dedicated teacher will send you personalised notes and tests with marking, advice and feedback!

To find out more, call or get in touch with us on whatsapp at 8892 2948. We are also available on email: [email protected].

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How to Excel in Literature: Haroun and the Sea of Stories

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“Nothing comes from nothing, Thieflet; no story comes from nowhere; new stories are born from old--it is the new combinations that make them new.”
― Salman Rushdie, Haroun and the Sea of Stories

Author’s Background
Quiz Chapter 5

“Haroun and the Sea of Stories” is a captivating novel written by Salman Rushdie in 1990. It tells the story of a boy named Haroun who sets out on an extraordinary journey to restore his father’s ability to tell stories. Along the way, he encounters a fascinating array of characters and ventures into a magical world where imagination reigns supreme.

The book delves into themes of creativity, freedom of expression, and the power of storytelling. It’s a whimsical adventure that highlights the importance of preserving the richness of our imagination in the face of adversity. Through its enchanting narrative, “Haroun and the Sea of Stories” invites readers to embark on a voyage of discovery and rediscover the magic of storytelling.

Photo by mrunamistry.com

You can use our worksheets to study on your own. For more insightful feedback and comprehensive comments, you can try out the English Literature Programme that’s only on Curio.sg!

Haroun and the Sea of Stories: Quiz Chapter 5

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"He knew what he knew: that the real world was full of magic, so magical worlds could easily be real."

― Salman Rushdie, Haroun and the Sea of Stories

  1. “Haroun had to admit that that was a reasonable remark” What remark is Haroun referring to?
  2. “Any story worth its salt can handle a little shaking up!” What does ‘worth its salt’ mean?
  3. What is a term that can be used to describe Khattam-Shud?
    a. Arch enemy of language
    b. Prince of Silence
    c. Foe of Speech
    d. All of the above
  4. Which land is bathed in “eternal sunshine” and in which land is it always “the middle of the night”?
  5. Why does Haroun reject Butt’s explanation about why one half of Kahani is always in daylight while the other is in darkness?
  6. “All units have been ordered back to base” Why did Iff not receive this command?
  7. Describe in detail the appearance of the “Floating Gardener”, Mali.
  8. What is the title of Mali’s occupation and what tasks does he do to carry it out?
  9. On pg. 83, find a simile that is used to describe floating gardeners.
  10. On pg. 83, find and state TWO consequences of the pollution that has occurred in the Sea of Stories.
  11. Why do Plentimaw fishes speak in rhyme?
  12. What are the names of the two Plentimaw fishes that Haroun met?
  13. Why are the Plentimaw fishes unwell?
  14. What is the title of the Plentimaw fishes’ occupation and what tasks do they do to carry it out?
  15. What happens in the Old Zone?
  16. Why was the Parliament of Gup known as “Chatterbox”?
  17. Who is part of the army in Gup? What are their titles and how are they organised?
  18. Why did people “turn in disbelief” to look at Haroun?
  19. What machines do the Eggheads operate and what is the outcome they get out of operating these machines?
  20. Why is Haroun “astounded” at who the Walrus is?

Haroun and the Sea of Stories: Author’s Background

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"Through 'Haroun and the Sea of Stories,' Salman Rushdie mirrors his path from Bombay to literary prominence, embracing adversity with the captivating allure of storytelling."

Salman Rushdie, a British-Indian author born on June 19, 1947, in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, has established himself as a prominent figure in contemporary literature. Known for his mastery in blending magical realism with political and historical narratives, Rushdie gained international acclaim with his critically acclaimed and controversial novel, “The Satanic Verses.”

Rushdie’s early life was marked by a multicultural upbringing, reflecting the diversity of his heritage. He pursued higher education in England, attending King’s College, University of Cambridge, where he studied history. His literary career began with the publication of his first novel, “Grimus,” in 1975, but it was the release of “Midnight’s Children” in 1981 that catapulted him to literary stardom. The novel, exploring the history of post-colonial India through the lives of its protagonists, won the Booker Prize and the Booker of Bookers, further solidifying Rushdie’s reputation as a literary force.

However, Rushdie’s life took a dramatic turn with the publication of “The Satanic Verses” in 1988. The novel, which explored themes of religion and identity, ignited widespread controversy and led to a fatwa (religious decree) issued against Rushdie by Iran’s Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The fatwa, calling for Rushdie’s assassination, forced him into hiding for several years, during which he continued to write and advocate for freedom of expression.

Amidst the challenges and threats he faced, Salman Rushdie authored “Haroun and the Sea of Stories,” a departure from his previous works in terms of genre and tone. Published in 1990, the novel is a fantastical tale that intertwines elements of myth, fable, and allegory. “Haroun and the Sea of Stories” is a story within a story, unfolding in a magical land where storytelling is integral to maintaining harmony and balance. The protagonist, Haroun, embarks on a quest to restore the Sea of Stories after it is polluted by dark forces.

The reasons behind Rushdie’s creation of “Haroun and the Sea of Stories” are multi-faceted. The novel, written during a tumultuous period in the author’s life, served as a creative sanctuary and a means of expressing resilience in the face of adversity. It allowed Rushdie to delve into the enchanting realm of storytelling, offering a cathartic escape from the harsh realities he confronted. Furthermore, the narrative in “Haroun and the Sea of Stories” can be interpreted as a celebration of the power of storytelling, emphasising its role in preserving cultural identity, combating censorship, and fostering imagination.

In crafting “Haroun and the Sea of Stories,” Salman Rushdie demonstrated not only his versatility as a storyteller but also his ability to navigate complex themes with grace and humour. The novel stands as a testament to his unwavering commitment to the transformative and redemptive power of literature, even in the face of profound personal and political challenges.

Wide Sargasso Sea: ‘The Madwoman in the Attic’

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“There are always two deaths, the real one and the one people know about.”

― Jean Rhys, Wide Sargasso Sea

The book “Wide Sargasso Sea” by Jean Rhys was published in 1966 and is seen as a prequel and response to Charlotte Brontë’s famous novel “Jane Eyre.” It explores the story of Bertha Mason, the “madwoman in the attic” from “Jane Eyre,” and gives her a voice and a more extensive backstory.

The novel’s events take place in Jamaica in the early nineteenth century. It centers on Antoinette Cosway, a wealthy Creole woman who eventually marries Mr. Rochester in “Jane Eyre.” Rhys delves into Antoinette’s upbringing in Jamaica, her planned marriage to Mr. Rochester, and the events that led to her eventual insanity.

You can use the worksheets below to study on your own. if you want helpful feedback with detailed comments, you can try out the English Literature Programme that’s only on Curio.sg!

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Animal Farm: Satire and Rebellion in a Farmyard

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“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”

― George Orwell, Animal Farm

Animal Farm is a satirical novel which was written by George Orwell in 1945. It tells the story of Manor Farm, where the animals are subjected to the harsh authority of Mr. Jones, a farmer. The animals, led by the pigs Napoleon and Snowball, dream of a fair and equal society, so they rebel against the humans and take over the farm.

What Is the Story of Animal Farm Based On?

This novel is a satire, which means it criticises something using comedy and irony. In this context, it is based on events prior to the 1917 Russian Revolution and the early years of the Soviet Union. Each animal in the book is a representation of a real person, such as Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, or Leon Trotsky. The author intended to demonstrate how power can corrupt and how revolutions may occasionally go awry.

Why is Animal Farm so Famous?

The book gained popularity due to its trenchant criticism of political systems, specifically the Soviet Union under Stalin. George Orwell’s brilliant use of analogy and satire allowed him to convey complex ideas in an engaging and approachable way. By employing animals as protagonists, he addressed the dangers of authoritarianism, corruption, and power manipulation. The novel’s enduring relevance and imaginative storytelling continue to captivate readers, solidifying its reputation as a recognised and significant literary masterpiece.

Is Animal Farm a Banned Book, and What Are the Benefits of Reading It?

Animal Farm has been subjected to restrictions and bans in some regions. The book has been called controversial due to its critique of political ideologies and portrayal of power dynamics. However, it is important to note that the extent of censorship varies across different time periods and regions.

Reading Animal Farm helps develop critical thinking, historical awareness and an understanding of the complexities of power and governance. It encourages readers to remain mindful of oppression and serves as a reminder of the need to uphold democratic values and protect individual freedoms.

Click on the resources below for notes on Animal Farm. If you need more help understanding the text, check out the English Literature Programme exclusively on Curio.sg!

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How to Write Great Essays: ‘O’ Level Model Essays

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“Overcome the daunting task of essay writing and unleash your potential for success. Step-by-step guidance awaits you to ensure remarkable essays and excellent grades.”

Do you always find yourself stuck when writing an essay? Does the assignment appear to be too daunting to overcome? Fear not! You possess the ability to tackle this challenge head-on. Read on for step-by-step advice to assist you. Write amazing essays with good grades, always.

Brainstorming

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First, let’s start by brainstorming. Generate a plethora of ideas by jotting down your thoughts on the subject. Afterwards, carefully review your brainstormed material. Continue from here and identify the most compelling idea. Ask yourself which ideas captivate you the most and which ideas you can write about naturally. Which ideas allow you to insert a personal touch? In addition, keep in mind the essay’s objective. Do your points you have brainstormed align with the answer to the question posed? If so, you’re ready to proceed.

Thesis Statement

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Next, compose a powerful thesis statement. This sentence serves as the core concept of your essay. It expresses your thoughts on the subject matter. Once again, consider the essay’s objective. In addition, regard the thesis statement as part of your engaging introduction. This statement informs your reader about the essay’s content.

Topic Sentences

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Now it’s time to outline the ideas that you will be using in your body paragraphs. With solid topic sentences in hand, you must reinforce your main idea with in-depth information, facts, thoughts, and examples. In addition, these supporting points address the question: “Why?” This stage may involve research and further brainstorming. Finally, arrange these points in a logical sequence, according to their significance. Congratulations! You now possess an outline for your essay.

Organisation

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On your mark, get set, write! Follow your outline diligently, dedicating each paragraph to a supporting point. Utilise vivid and descriptive words to effectively convey your ideas to the reader. In addition, delve into the details, employing specific information to narrate your story or emphasise your viewpoint. Further, ensure that every element you include remains closely tied to the essay’s main idea, thereby maintaining focus. Finally, seamlessly connect your ideas using appropriate transition words to enhance the flow of your writing.

Conclusion

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As you approach the conclusion, wrap it up with finesse. Summarise your entire essay and restate your main idea in a concise and impactful manner.

Proofread

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The journey is not complete without proofreading and revising. Scrutinise your work for spelling, capitalisation, punctuation, and grammar errors. Further to this, seek opportunities to enhance clarity, comprehension, and engagement in your writing. Whenever possible, incorporate descriptive verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. Additionally, it is beneficial to have a fresh set of eyes review your work to catch any overlooked mistakes. Make the necessary corrections and modifications in a second draft. Repeat this revision process once more to ensure your final draft is of the highest quality possible.

Download Model Essays

Download these model essays and think about how you can cultivate your own voice and style in order to produce unique and original pieces. Remember to enjoy the process! If you need feedback on your essays, try out our Independent Marking & Feedback Plan here: https://curio.sg/programmes/english-language-o-level-programme/

O-Level-2014-Model-Essay_Greatest-InfluenceDownload
O-Level-2015-Model-Essay_World-Dull-without-MusicDownload
O-Level-2013-Model-Essay_Young-People-Overprotected-1Download

How to Score in AQ – ‘A’ Level GP Model Answers

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"Scoring well in the General Paper AQ requires relentless effort and adaptability, as the topics can vary widely, but with determination, conquering is within reach."

Scoring well for the AQ in the General Paper demands relentless effort, especially considering the substantial variations in each paper and question. Add to that, topics can range from the benefits of solitude to the perils of geopolitical turmoil. Conquering an English A Level application question may appear intimidating, but with a determined approach, it becomes conquerable. Read on for some tips and tricks, and download some model AQ answers.

Reading

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Reading widely, from newspapers and magazines to novels and biographies will get you a leg up in the application question. Furthermore, since the subject matter of GP comprehensions are so varied, it is important to know a little bit about almost everything. Since the AQ focuses on how you can link the subject matter to your society, and being well versed in local matters will be of great help.

PESTLE

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When in doubt, use the acronym PESTLE to break the topic down in order to understand the perspectives that can be discussed.

P = Political

E = Economic

S = Societal

T = Technological

L = Legal

E = Environmental | Educational

Highlight pivotal keywords and phrases that aid in formulating a response. Subsequently, unleash a flood of ideas through brainstorming. Leverage existing knowledge about the topic and explore external resources that can augment your answer.

Once a wealth of ideas has been generated, embark on a research expedition. Employ credible sources and meticulously record detailed notes. This meticulousness will enable you to track the accumulated information and facilitate the writing process.

Organisation

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The AQ is a mini essay and to ensure triumph, organisation and a strategic plan are paramount. Try and use the following structure:

1. Recommended Structure

  • Introduction + Stand
  • Argument (a)
  • Argument (b)
  • Argument (c) [optional]
  • Conclusion

2. Analysis

  • Highlight question’s demands
  • Focus on keywords
  • Balance: Write 1 paragraph in support and 1 paragraph against OR Agree to a certain extent to each author’s point, and then explain your counter

3. Introduction

  • Does not need to be more than 3 lines: State summary of passage | State summary of your argument | State your stand
  • Your stand: E.g. “Even though there are alternate possibilities in the scenario mentioned by *author* I largely agree with her views as I find them highly relevant in the context of Singapore.” 

4. Body Paragraphs

  • Start with a topic sentence:  An observation that the author has made. E.g. “The author posits that <quote>”
  • Explain the quote
  • State your stand e.g. “As this observation is highly relevant in Singapore’s context, I agree with the author that…”
  • State an example of what you have observed in Singapore in relation to the quote you have picked.
  • Evaluate: (a) Agree with the author by emphasising the point they have made by using a reason within the Singapore context OR (b) Disagree with the author by explaining that the viewpoint is limited/applicable to a small group of people/irrelevant to most people in Singapore
  • Balance: e.g. “There are still pockets of people in Singapore who will not find this applicable…” or “The author’s points are relevant when we consider the next two years, but they may be obsolete in twenty years because…” 
  • Link back to the question e.g. “Therefore, it is clear that the author’s views are highly relevant to my society as…”

When constructing your response, ensure that you directly address the question and employ compelling evidence from your research to fortify your arguments. Vigilantly proofread your answer to eliminate any errors in spelling or grammar.

Lastly, the indispensable component of success is practice. Undertake practice tests and meticulously evaluate your answers. This will cultivate familiarity with the material and enable you to identify areas necessitating improvement. Try out our GP programme to ace your AQ. https://curio.sg/programmes/gce-a-levels-general-paper-programme/

Download the following papers and start practicing today!

A-Level-Model-AQ_-GentrificationDownload
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How to Score in Literature – Download Free Notes ‘Gossamer’

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“Everything that you're a part of. Your own story fills you.”

― Lois Lowry, Gossamer

If you enjoy learning Literature, but are unsure of how to score, you have come to the right place. Furthermore, beyond annotating and understanding your text, the best way to score better for your tests is to practice your analysis and writing. Download the free quizzes and worksheets on this page if you are studying ‘Gossamer’ by Lois Lowry.

What Is ‘Gossamer’ About?

Gossamer is a captivating novel about the power of dreams, written by Lois Lowry and published in 2006. It is a unique novel that blends fantasy and realism, perfect for young adult readers. The story delves into the intriguing origins of dreams and centres around the adventures of Littlest One, a magical and fairy-like creature. Littlest One has a special ability to collect memories from everyday objects and use them to weave and bestow mesmerising dreams. While Littlest One is the main character, there are other fascinating characters in the book. Her mentor, Thin Elderly, a kind old woman, John, a troubled and angry young boy, and a loyal dog named Toby.

Feel free to download the chapter summary questions and give them a try. Further, if you’d like to receive valuable feedback with detailed comments on how to improve, you can explore the ‘Independent’ Marking & Feedback‘ exclusively available on Curio.sg!

How Does ‘Independent’ Marking & Feedback‘ Work?

When students sign up for this option, they will receive personalised notes and worksheets once a week. The student’s task is to complete these worksheets and email them back to their assigned tutor. Using google docs, the tutor will mark and provide detailed feedback to the student. They will also assign a mark based on rubrics (these can be rubrics used by the student’s school, or rubrics from the ‘O’ level programme).

Students who are motivated and driven will benefit from these feedback cycles, as they will always have personalised attention paid to their progress.

Studying ‘Gossamer’ and need some extra help? Check out the quizzes below and see if you can find all the answers from your text!

Gossamer-1-8-CurioDownload

Gossamer-13-15-Curio-1Download

Gossamer-16-18-CurioDownload

Gossamer-19-21-CurioDownload

The GP Essay: How to Craft Excellent Body Paragraphs

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"A truly remarkable body paragraph captivates the reader."

An excellent body paragraph is engaging. It should support the central idea or argument of an essay by providing clear, concise information with well backed up evidence and explanations.

A suggested structure is as follows: 

POINT – EXPLANATION – EXAMPLE – LINK – EVALUATION

1. Point

Capture the main idea of what the entire body paragraph will consist of: possible to show some form of evaluation

E.g. In today’s society, which is consumer-driven and materialistic, it is indeed of concern that people are becoming increasingly phoney.

E.g. On the other hand, many young people in my society are concerned about the environment, and possibly contributing to saving our world instead of destroying it. 

2. Explanation

Explain the point that you have raised and provide an explanation which directly answers the question. This element should take up the BULK of your body paragraph. 

E.g. Singaporeans prioritise and take pride in the education system, which churns out prestigious scholarship winners and international science and maths awardees. With the consistent increase in income levels, most people can afford tuition and enrichment classes that give students a leg up in their educational pursuits. However, the path to academic success is not without its pitfalls. Students are often depressed, overworked and highly stressed individuals. In a survey done in 2021…

3. Example

Substantiation of your point and explanation thus far. 

Examples of examples that you can use! 

  • Information gleaned from reliable articles e.g. The Straits Times, The Economist, National Geographic etc
  • Examples of known facts e.g. In Singapore, a lockdown titled ‘Circuit Breaker’ was imposed during the height of the Covid-19 pandemic
  • Data, Statistics

4. Link

Connect your explanation to your evaluation, use it as a transition

E.g. Therefore it is quite clear that the local arts scene in Singapore is of incredible relevance to the fabric of the nation’s culture, as it has contributed significantly to the Singaporean identity. Keeping that in mind…

5. Evaluation

Consideration of all key factors that have contributed to the JUSTIFICATION of your argument. Point out a challenge to your point, followed by a justification for why it cannot hold. (as compared to your stand of course!)

Tip: Is there a long or short term consequence that may arise due to any assumption you have raised? 

Tip: Are there entities who may (or may not) be affected by the points you have raised? 

Downloadable Notes:

GP-Essay-Crafting-an-Excellent-Body-paragraph-Tips-TechniquesDownload

The GP Essay: How to Craft an Excellent Introduction

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"Your GP essay intro is like a first impression - impress, contextualize and broaden the reader's understanding of the issue."

Think of an introduction to your GP essay as similar to meeting someone for the first time. The way you are dressed, your demeanour, manners and what you say as well as HOW you say what you say, will give someone an impression. This impression will either impress them, repulse them or make them feel neutral, and perhaps dismissive. In a GP essay introduction, you definitely want to impress, but also provide context and give the reader a broader sense of the issue that you will be arguing.

Suggested Techniques

  1. Quotes 

Some famous people you can quote from include Martin Luther King, Gandhi, LKY, Nelson Mandela, Albert Einstein, Nietzsche, Shakespeare, Steve Job, Muhammad Ali, John Lennon, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Winston Churchill, Mark Twain, Oscar Wilde, Babe Ruth, Voltaire, Mother Teresa, Anne Frank… and the list goes on. 

You can even quote from mythology, books or films!

  1. Statistics 

Descriptive statistics is a way to organise, represent and describe a collection of data. For example, it can refer to the collection of people in a city using the internet or using television.

Inferential Statistics allows us to use information collected from a sample to make decisions, predictions or inferences from a population.

Any type you choose to use is fine, so long as it remains relevant to the discussion at hand. 

  1. Definition

You can define words or elements of the question to set the tone and context for the essay. It is important not to be pedantic here, and to focus on reasonable, common sense definitions that most people would not disagree with. 

Example: To what extent is success important in your society? 

You will first need to define success. Does it refer to wealth, academic achievements, a high quality of life, health, happiness, all of the above? How can we phrase the definition precisely without sounding overly detailed? 

  1. Anecdote

One of the easiest ways to start an essay, can be with a short amusing, interesting story which involves yourself, a situation or someone else you know of or have read of. This method will lead the reader into your essay by getting them to IDENTIFY with the topic and begin to relate to it. 

  1. Historical or Current Event/Situation

Referring to how the main aspect of your topic has been viewed or handled in the past, or how it is considered in modern times will set the context for your essay, while demonstrating your understanding of how the issue developed to what it is today. 

Writing Thesis Statements

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The thesis statement should be written at the very end of the introduction and should state your stand clearly. You must take ownership of this stand, and ensure that your entire essay leads back to proving it. 

Some suggestions for your stand (although you can try to be creative here as well!)

(a) I believe that… 

(b) It is my view that…

(c) It is my position that…

(d) It is my conviction that… 

(e) It is my considered opinion that… 

(f) I hold firmly to the view that… 

Suggested Approach to a GP Essay

Hook
Elaborate on hook
Definitions (where necessary)
Set the scope by explaining the points you will be raising to support your stand, including an anti-thesis.
State your thesis statement

Read the sample of an introduction to a GP essay below and critique it! 

Consumerism is not always bad. Do you agree? 

Last weekend, I sat and contemplated all three of my yoga mats, wondering what had prompted me to purchase that many. Reluctantly still, I posted two of them for sale on my estore on ‘Carousell’, my way of not contributing to more waste in Singapore. The world today is rife with consumerism as people become more preoccupied with the acquisition of consumer goods they do not need, or sometimes even want. Consumerism can be defined as the preoccupation of a society with products and possessions. Some may argue that the economic competition that has arisen thanks to consumerism has made the world a better place. Most people however, are usually constantly buying items that are frivolous or worse, impractical, contributing to environmental damage and socio-economic problems as well as the dangers arising from individual overconsumption. Hence it is my view that most of the time, consumerism is harmful and ought to be avoided. 

Downloadable notes:

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How to Excel in Literature: The River Between

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"A savior had come. He had opened the eyes of the people. He had awakened the sleeping lions. They would now roar, roar to victory."

- Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, The River Between

Written in 1965, the novel by prolific Kenyan author Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o was published as part of the African Writers Series. The River Between is the story of the separation of two neighbouring villages in Kenya instigated by differences in faith. The novel explores life in the mountains of Kenya during the early days of white settlement and is set in the decades of the early 20th century. This eye-opening novel captures a moment in time of a people whose world goes into turmoil. Faced with a choice between a new religion and their own ancient customs, the Gikuyu people are torn between those who fear the unknown and those who see beyond it.

Photo by scribd.com

Download these chapter summary questions and try them out. If you need them to be marked and returned to you with detailed comments on how to improve, try out the ‘Independent’ Marking & Feedback only plan on Curio.sg!

The-River-Between_Chapters-1-4 Download
The-River-Between_Chapters-5-7 Download
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The-River-Between_Chapters-11-13 Download
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The-River-Between_Chapters-20-25 Download

How to Excel in Literature: The Merchant of Venice

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Study The Merchant of Venice - a timeless play with love, greed, friendship, prejudice, and justice.

The Merchant of Venice is a wonderfully relevant text to study in modern times. Love, Greed, Friendship, Prejudice and Justice intermingle in a timelessly entertaining play that has kept audiences on the edges of their seats for centuries. Fear not the style of writing and words unknown – once you get the hang of it, studying this text will be as easy as the ‘gentle rain from heaven’. Click on the resources below to self study or if you need practices to be graded and returned to you with comprehensive feedback on how to improve, try the ‘Independent’ Marking & Feedback plan on Curio.sg to get yourself a dedicated marking coach!

The Merchant of Venice – Setting

The-Merchant-of-Venice-Setting NotesDownload

Merchant-of-Venice-Act-1-Scene-2-Excerpt-Analysis-CurioDownload

How to Excel in Literature: Hullabaloo In The Guava Orchard

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"It was a terrible thing to be awake while some people flew, carrying the world over his head, and others slept, claiming it from under his feet.”

- Kiran Desai, Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard


Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard is best read with a glass of guava juice and a pot of laughs. Written by Kiran Desai and set in the Indian village of Shahkot, the author based her novel on the real life story of a man named Kapila Pradhan, who actually lived in a tree for 15 years.

In Hullabaloo, the protagonist Sampath gets fed-up with the world of men and climbs up into a tree to be at peace. It turns out to be an even more disturbing life to lead, as his family attempts to coax him down with all manner of appeals and tricks, while people in the region begin to make pilgrimages to see Sampath, in the mistaken notion that he is a holy man.

The characters peppered throughout the novel, from Pinky the passionate ear biting sister of Sampath, to his drunken monkey bodyguards, take the reader on a wild ride. India’s history, superstitions, religions, social structures and the struggles of the everyday man are woven into the narrative with skill and humour.

Some overarching themes students should take note of are:

  • Tradition vs Modernity
  • Freedom vs Control
  • Individual vs Society
  • The Spiritual Quest

Excelling in Literature tests and exams takes a lot of practice. You might want to try reading the novel at least twice, as well as ensuring that your annotations are relevant. Your teacher may not have time to annotate the entire novel with you, so you can try working them out with your friends in a Literature study group. Bring some snacks, find a comfortable spot, and sit back and enjoy the novel too. Enjoying it is the key to truly understanding the key themes and being able to write about it with real enthusiasm!

Download the following passage based questions and try them out! If you need them to be marked and returned to you with detailed comments on how to improve, try out the ‘Independent’ Marking & Feedback only plan on Curio.sg!

PBQ-Test-1_-Hullabaloo-in-the-Guava-Orchard-Chapter-1Download
PBQ-Test-2_-Hullabaloo-in-the-Guava-Orchard-Chapter-1Download
PBQ-Test-3_-Hullabaloo-in-the-Guava-Orchard-Chapter-1Download
PBQ-Test-4_-Hullabaloo-in-the-Guava-Orchard-Chapter-2Download
PBQ-Test-5_-Hullabaloo-in-the-Guava-Orchard-Chapter-3Download