Journal

IP, IB or ‘O’ Levels. Which is the Best Path?

Rebecca Samuel · April 7, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Which path will work out best in the long run, IP, IB or 'O' Levels?"

Today, Singapore is known for its world-class education system. During the 1950s and 60s however, Singapore banked on a ‘survival-driven’ education system in order to generate a skilled workforce for the nation’s industrialisation push. We have come a long way since then, and there are now multiple pathways to a promising future.

The Cambridge ‘O’ Level/SEC Programme

Statistics from MOE, Singapore

The ‘O’ Levels have been offered in Singapore since 1971. It is considered a traditional path with rigorous academic demand.

Indeed, the majority of Singaporeans have gone through this particular exam and gone on to obtain acceptance into higher education institutions with ease.

The Cambridge ‘O’ Levels are widely recognised by both universities and employers internationally as evidence of excellent academic achievement.

Students are allowed to take up to a maximum of 9 subjects, and a minimum of 6.

From 2027, students will sit for the Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) examinations. There will be no change to the existing syllabus and examination format, beyond the regular updates that occur for each subject. The SEC exams will still be examined and awarded by Cambridge, as well as MOE and the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board. The difference between the current format and SEC is that students will be taking subjects based on their strengths in each subject, and not based on a stream as is the case today.

Grading is carried out as follows.

What Type of Student Would Enjoy the ‘O’ Level/SEC Programme?

The ‘O’ levels are considered the ‘traditional’ or ‘safe’ route by many, and in terms of opening up opportunities for higher education, it certainly is.

Many consider the programme to be content heavy with a focus on grades and academia, but schools and educators today have a variety of tools and resources in order to bring out the best in every student.

Students will have to take ownership of their education, learn how to take notes, condense and summarise their own learning.

Students who enjoy the ‘O’ level programme are driven by their interests, are determined to succeed and are willing to take risks, fail and learn from their mistakes.

The Integrated Programme (IP)

The Integrated Programme (IP) was introduced in 2004 in only 8 schools. It caters for high-ability students in Singapore at the secondary school level. Instead of taking the GCE Ordinary Level (O-level) exam in Sec 4 or Sec 5, they will take the GCE Advanced Level (A-level) exam or the International Baccalaureate (IB) after six years of secondary education.

The IP is offered in the following 17 schools at the time of writing:

Nanyang Girls’ High School	Catholic High School	Singapore Chinese Girls’ School
National Junior College	Cedar Girls’ Secondary School	Temasek Junior College
Raffles Girls’ School (Secondary)	CHIJ St Nicholas Girls’ School	Victoria School
Raffles Institution (Secondary)	Dunman High School	Hwa Chong Institution
River Valley High School

Schools offering the IP in Singapore

What type of student would enjoy the IP programme?

Academically, the IP is targeted at the top 10% of scorers in each PSLE cohort. The programme provides students with space to learn beyond textbooks and explore their interests in depth. Not having to spend 4 years in preparation for the ‘O’ levels allows for the time needed for students to delve deep in both academic and non-academic areas.

Schools offering the IP have the freedom to implement curriculum that imparts critical and analytical thinking skills, character building and leadership development.

Students who do well in the IP tend to be disciplined, motivated learners who are capable of keeping track of their own goals and progress. They truly enjoy school, learning and new challenges.

The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme

The International Baccalaureate (IB) was founded in 1968. It offers a rigorous educational programme which is internationally lauded and renowned for its propensity to cultivate global citizens.

Creativity and the imagination are at the heart of the curriculum and students explore global issues with compassion as well as intellectual curiosity. Students don’t just learn, they also learn how to learn and are encouraged to excel both in their personal and academic lives.

6 subject groups form the IBDP: studies in language and literature; language acquisition; individuals and societies; the arts; mathematics; and the sciences. Students choose courses from these six groups, although choosing a subject from ‘The Arts’ is not always compulsory, depending on the school. Other subjects include Theory of Knowledge and Extended Essay.

The IBDP is offered at the secondary level in the following 5 schools (local) at the time of writing:

Anglo Chinese School (ACS) Independent	SJI International
Hwa Chong International School	School of the Arts (SOTA)
Anglo Chinese School (ACS) International

Local schools offering the IB in Singapore

A total of 28 schools (both local and international) currently offer the IBDP in Singapore.

What type of student would enjoy the IB programme?

Any student would benefit from the breadth and unique approaches to teaching which are available in the IBDP programme.

Perhaps one way to consider if you would thrive in the IB programme is to compare exam conditions. ‘O’ and ‘A’ level exams can be content heavy and grade focused, whilst IB students are graded on other assignments as well prior to the final exam.

About 70 to 80% of the final grade is determined by the final IB exams, giving some breathing space for students to work more gradually on achieving a desired grade.

The IB programme is thus suitable for students who are adept at time management, enjoy learning independently and conducting research.

Looking for Help with Some Subjects?

Curio offers English Language, English Literature and General Paper group tuition in online classes. We cover the ‘O’ level, ‘A’ level and the new Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) which is to be offered in 2027. We also teach students in the Integrated Programme (IP) be it English, Literature or Language Arts.

Beyond online group sessions, Curio also offers a unique Marking and Feedback programme for individual, independent learners. Students receive personalised worksheets on a weekly basis. Upon completion, Curio teachers will mark and provide personalised feedback. Curio teachers are also available via whatsapp and email for questions on anything related to the subject. Many of our students thrive from not having to block out time to attend weekly lessons, but still have the benefit of a Curio coach’s nurturing and experience.

To find out more, call or get in touch with us on whatsapp at 8892 2948. We are also available on email: [email protected].

How to Handle DSA Interviews

Rebecca Samuel · April 6, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"The Direct School Admission scheme for secondary schools in Singapore allows students to apply to specific schools before taking the PSLE."

Has your DSA Interview been scheduled? Or are you still figuring out whether DSA is something your child should consider? Read on to understand more about the DSA process and for interview tips!

The Direct School Admission scheme for secondary schools in Singapore allows students to apply to specific schools before taking the PSLE.

Students apply based on their talent in sports, CCAs and specific academic areas. These areas include:

Sports and games
Visual, literary and performing arts
Debate and public speaking
Science, mathematics and engineering
Languages and humanities
Uniformed groups
Leadership (for example, prefects)

Preparing for the DSA Application Process:

1. Research

Research and read up about the school that you and your child are interested in. Focus also on the talent that your child plans to use to apply and most importantly, discuss everything with your child. If they are not truly interested or feeling forced/stressed out about this choice, it will show in the interview. Some parents also over-prepare and this can be unhealthy if it stresses your child out unnecessarily. Memorised answers and parrot-like responses don’t do well at interviews, while real interest and knowledge about a topic will always be evident.

2. Prepare for a Variety of Questions

Typical questions would include: 1. Why should the school pick you? 2. Describe some of your interests and passions. 3. What are some personal qualities that make you unique? 4. Why did you pick this school? 5. What do you hope to do with your talent in the future?

However, also prepare your child for more introspective questions like: 1. If you were playing opposite your best friend and they asked you to lose on purpose, what would you do? 2. If you made a huge mistake while performing on stage how would you handle it? 3. If you had to pick one scientist/mathematician/famous person to have dinner with, who would you pick? 4. If you are the captain of your team and you are losing the game, what strategy would you use to try and win?

3. Get Students to Discuss Topics with Other Adults

At the end of the day, the interviews are a 2 way conversation and not a speech. If your child can speak naturally with other adults in their lives – uncles, aunts, tutors, friends – get them to have conversations with them about their personality and interests to develop confidence, so that they get used to speaking about themselves candidly and sincerely.

At the end of the day, schools are looking for students who have and can display genuine interest in the talent that they are using for the application, as well as personable students who are genuinely interested in joining the school.

The ‘O’ Levels: How to Achieve Your Goals

Rebecca Samuel · April 6, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Goal setting may appear to be a simple process. However, in order to be productive and effective, a goal must be specific and clear."

Achieving your goals of doing well for your O level examinations may not be as daunting as you think. There are steps you can take, and help that you can depend on. If you develop good habits and achieve consistency, there are hardly any limits to what you can achieve with your life!

Goal Setting

Take some time to sit down and really think through the goals you plan to achieve. It is often useful to start with the end in mind, e.g. planning on studying marine biology in a university overseas or getting into a JC of your choice. These are end goals that will help you to see the bigger picture, and keep you motivated. You can then set out individual goals for each of your subjects. Finally, work on the plan to attain each of these goals. It can involve reading one book a month to improve on your English or working on one question type for a particular topic every day for Math. Break down the steps to attain your bigger goals into very small, attainable goals.

Managing Expectations

Figure out which subjects you need more help for, and which ones you can handle by yourself. If you have been consistently failing or obtaining a C5/C6 in a subject, it is unrealistic to set a goal of getting an A1 by the next exam. Work your way up to a better grade slowly but surely. Remember, consistency is key.

Don’t compare yourself to others; focus on your own progress and improvement, setting realistic expectations that align with your abilities and efforts.

Honing Study Habits

Your study habits are the most important element of your exam preparation. Every student learns differently, so stick to what works for you. You might be a morning person or a night owl, someone who can only work with colour coded notes or with copious amounts of coffee. Try out any of the tips below:

Minimise or remove all distractions from your study space (this includes putting your phone on work/study mode or leaving it outside your room)
Take breaks – try out any interval that works for you e.g. 40 minutes study time with 10 minute breaks or 25 minutes study time with 5 minute breaks.
Study in a conducive space – ensure it is quiet, cool enough and distraction free.
Set a study goal for each session, and ensure that you meet it to the best of your ability. This will give you a sense of accomplishment.
Reward yourself! Rewards can be anything which give you a feeling of contentment and spur you on to keep studying!
Ask for help: Grinding away during study sessions without progress can be discouraging. Try out tuition sessions at https://curio.sg/programmes/
Study with a group of like-minded friends. You can keep each other motivated as well as help one another with more challenging topics.

Achieving your goals may seem like a daunting task, especially if there are subjects you are struggling with. Speak to your parents, teachers and tutors and get some tailor made advice. Start early and stick to a solid plan. You’ve got this.

Is It Safe for Teenagers to Consume Caffeine?

Nadya Sharfina · April 6, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Caffeine consumption in teenagers has been linked to sleep disruptions, impaired school performance and social issues."

Many teenagers consume coffee to get through the rigour of school, extra-curricular activities, tuition and revision, but they may want to reconsider. Coffee can be hazardous to a teenager’s health and development, especially when over consumed. Caffeine consumption in teenagers has been linked to sleep disruptions, impaired school performance and social issues. It can also increase stress levels and lead to physical health problems such as obesity and insulin resistance.

Sugar is a major reason why some beverages are unhealthy, but caffeine should not be missed. We have explored why it is not safe or healthy for teenagers to consume caffeine from coffee or energy drinks, and what parents could do instead.

The Hazards of Caffeine Consumption

Caffeine is a stimulant and can have a powerful effect on the body, making teenagers feel more alert and energetic. This may seem like a good thing, but it could lead to physical and mental health problems down the line.

The overconsumption of coffee can cause a wide range of physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms. These may include:

Headaches
Nausea
Vomiting
Irritability
Tremors or shakes

Difficulty concentrating and focusing
Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Convulsions or seizures
Mood swings
Impulsivity.
Dehydration due to frequent urination

Caffeine is known to reduce the quality of deep sleep during the night which could lead to chronic sleep deprivation. This disruption affects children’s cognitive functioning and emotional regulation in addition to their physical growth. Studies have linked the overconsumption of coffee in children to anxiety and depression due to its impact on sleep.

The Dangers of Sugary Drinks

Any caffeinated beverages marketed to kids come loaded with sugar. This makes them even more hazardous than coffee alone because consuming too much sugar can lead to serious health issues like diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. Parents should be aware of the sugar content in caffeinated drinks their children consume and try to limit their sugar intake as much as possible.

It is also crucial for parents to remember that energy drinks can be hazardous because they often contain more caffeine than coffee, plus large amounts of sugar. Not only does this combination provide an extra-strong boost of energy, it can also put kids at risk for serious health consequences if consumed in excess. For these reasons, parents should discourage their children from drinking energy drinks and give them options for healthier alternatives instead.

Alternatives to Coffee

If you want to give your kids a boost of energy without relying on caffeine, there are other alternatives you can explore. To keep your kids energised and healthy, you can offer them natural sources of caffeine such as:

Herbal teas. Peppermint and chamomile have calming effects, while green tea is packed with antioxidants that can help boost energy levels naturally.
Hot Chocolate: Hot chocolate made from cocoa powder is a delicious alternative to coffee. Cocoa beans have caffeine, and a large cup of hot cocoa has as much as 25mg of it.

Non-caffeinated beverages which you could try include:

Smoothies
Fruit juices

Kombucha
Coconut Water

Kefir
Lemon water

These contain many natural sugars that can provide energy without relying on caffeine, sugar-filled sodas, and energy drinks. Of course, it is still important to watch out for added sugars in these beverages and ensure they don’t exceed their daily recommended limit. Otherwise, these are healthier choices than caffeinated products.

Educating Your Kids About Healthy Choices

It is important to educate your children on the importance of making healthy choices when it comes to their diet. Parents should begin by teaching their kids the effects that caffeine can have on their bodies and the risks associated with consuming too much.

Monitoring how many times per week they consume coffee is a good way to make sure kids don’t suffer from any of the health risks. Talk to a nutritionist if you need help understanding the best diet for your kids. Read 6 Tips for Your Kids to Have a Healthy School Year and Smart Food Choices for Kids’ During Exams.

Parents can also model positive behaviour by avoiding sugary drinks and setting an example for their children to follow. By taking the time to educate our children and set a positive example, you will be helping to ensure that your kids lead healthy lives.

Navigating Kids to a Secure Online: Tips and Suggestions

Nadya Sharfina · April 6, 2023 · Leave a Comment

“It is crucial in today's world to be aware of how to use the internet safely”

It can be intimidating to navigate the internet, particularly for young people who may not have much online experience. By following some simple rules and guidelines, you can ensure that these experiences remain positive for young people. This article will explore tips on making good decisions when navigating the internet and staying safe online.

The Need for Antivirus Software in Online Security

Internet filters, monitoring tools, and antivirus software can help users to stay safe online by being protected against threats.

Internet filters are an effective way to limit internet access by blocking unwanted websites and content.
Monitoring tools can be used to monitor internet usage and quickly detect any suspicious activity.
Antivirus software can help internet users protect their devices from malicious programs, viruses, and other internet threats.

These tools can also assist in defending young internet users against online predators, cyberbullying, and other harmful actions. Here are some of the top antivirus programs to help safeguard yourself as well as your computer:

McAfee

It is a good pick for multiple devices because its subscriptions provide security for every device in a home at an affordable price. It comes with features like safe web browsing, identity theft protection, a password manager, encrypted storage and full network protection.

Download now

Norton

To counter cybersecurity risks, Norton is renowned for using machine learning, which makes use of data to enhance technological performance. It provides a wide variety of antivirus options and a sizable amount of cloud storage. A firewall, VPN, password manager, identity theft protection, and robust parental controls are available extras.

Download now

Bitdefender

It provides a range of security-first capabilities, including ransomware prevention, monitoring of online purchases and web-based transactions as well as protection against fraud and phishing, all of which are controlled through an intuitive dashboard.

Download now

Webroot

This antivirus program offers customers the essential security they need while browsing the internet as well as parental controls because some of the features can be customized to safeguard children.

Download now

Avast

Even the free version of this antivirus software is quite effective at detecting and eliminating malware such as viruses and ransomware. Additionally, your Wi-Fi network is protected from being hacked and from other dangers with its built-in security. Paid versions come with further features including IP address blocking, bogus website identification, phishing protection, and security for browser-stored passwords.

Download now

Stick to Safer Websites and Avoid Age-Restricted Content

By limiting young people to sites that are appropriate for their age, you can protect them from inappropriate material and potential dangers on the internet. Age restrictions exist to ensure that kids do not have access to the content they may not be prepared for or may find upsetting or distressing.

In general, it is advisable for young internet users to avoid exposure to potentially harmful content such as violence, drug usage, graphic imagery, and explicit language. Avoiding age-restricted websites also prevents kids from inadvertently accessing adult-themed conversations which could lead them astray or mislead them in some way.

To make parents’ jobs easier, there are numerous parental control programs that can help protect your children when they are online. The most recent versions of Mac OS and Windows already have parental control software, but you may also buy standalone versions that have more capabilities and flexibility. Software like Norton Family, Net Nanny, and Qustodio should do the trick.

Take Extra Caution When Using Passwords and Sharing Information Online

To protect your personal information from unscrupulous hackers in today’s digital age, secure passwords are crucial for all of yours as well as your kids’ online accounts.

A weak password may be easy to remember but it also makes it easier for someone else to guess and gain access to your accounts. This means that anyone who obtains this password will have full access to all the sensitive information stored on these accounts, such as credit card details, banking information, or even private messages.

Creating a strong password is not difficult. A secure password should have at least 8 characters and be made up of a mix of capital and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols that are challenging for other people to decipher. It is also necessary to avoid using words or phrases related to yourself in your passwords such as birth dates, names of family members or pets, or favourite sports teams. You can change your passwords every few months to ensure they remain secure.

A second line of defense against malevolent hackers seeking to access your information is to enable two-factor authentication on all of your online accounts in addition to using strong passwords. This requires you to enter both a password and a separate code sent to your phone or email address, making it much harder for someone to access your accounts.

Additionally, young people should be mindful of the information they share online. Remind your kids to share any sensitive details that could potentially be used for identity theft. Sharing too much personal information on social media sites or other public forums such as message boards can put your kids’ identity at risk and leave your family vulnerable to malicious hackers or scammers.

Although caution when sharing too much personal information online may seem like common sense advice in today’s digital environment, it is crucial for users of all ages and levels of experience to remember this to protect themselves from online attacks.

Be Courteous and Avoid Embarrassing Others on the Internet

The internet may be a fantastic and effective tool for bringing people together, but netizens should always be treated with respect by all users. Talk to your kids about online cruelty and bullying, and discuss how it could have detrimental effects on both the victim and the cyberbully.

Some talking points on cyberbullying could be about:

It is unethical, immoral, and wrong.
It significantly impacts mental health, potentially leading to depression, anxiety, and even suicide in extreme cases.
It could also lead to cyberstalking and other forms of online harassment which can also have severe consequences.
Several nations around the world have made cyberbullying a crime.

Inform an Adult If You Notice Strange or Negative Online Behavior

Internet safety is no joke, and young people must stay vigilant and aware of any strange or bad behavior online. Kids should be encouraged to tell their parents, guardians, or another trusted adult right away if they notice something that makes them feel uneasy or suspicious. Even if it turns out to be nothing, it is always preferable to be safe rather than sorry because online predators are notorious for preying on gullible victims.

What are some examples of suspicious behaviour online that your child can watch out for?

Receiving a message from someone they do not know asking for personal information such as their address or phone number.
If a stranger messages them multiple times and makes overly friendly comments that make them feel uncomfortable.
Receiving threatening messages.

What are some examples of unethical behaviour that your child should refrain from participating in?

Publishing incorrect or misleading information.
Stealing other people’s ideas or work without giving them credit.
Hacking into other people’s accounts.
Impersonating someone else online.

Always remember that there are internet predators as well. They are notorious for impersonating other people online, and they frequently get in touch with young people to win their trust before requesting them to meet up in person or perform inappropriate behavior. Teaching your kids about internet safety could help them identify potential risks early.

Pick Your Online Friends Wisely

It is crucial for kids to be selective about their online buddies and exercise additional caution while building interactions online.

The internet can be a double-edged sword, allowing us to connect easily with people all around the world, but it also exposes us to potential threats from malicious individuals. When it comes to choosing who to befriend online, it is best to teach kids to be cautious and err on the side of caution.

When trying to make new friends online, kids usually try looking for mutual interests or similar life experiences that they share in common with them. They should ask questions and get to know them better before they decide whether they are someone they would like as an online friend.

Parents should help to make sure that their profile is authentic and that there is evidence of them being who they say they are, such as pictures or other posts that prove their identity.

If your kids start talking with someone new online, remind them to avoid sharing personal information until after they have established a solid relationship, preferably in real life.

Kids should keep in mind that even if someone seems like an ideal friend online, this does not necessarily mean that they are trustworthy in real life.

The online world is one filled with both excitement and temptation. Learning internet safety early on will make a huge difference in the way kids use, learn from, and enjoy the many online spaces which take up so much of our lives. By following some of this advice on internet safety, we can ensure that kids are not at risk of becoming victims of cybercrime or other malicious activities taking place across the web today.

How to Get Your Kids Excited About the New School Year

Nadya Sharfina · April 6, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"The new school year is a great time for parents to help their children get off on the right foot."

The start of the school year brings mixed emotions for children and parents alike. For kids, it means saying goodbye to holidays spent playing with friends and embracing the structure that comes with returning to class. They are eager to return, but also concerned about their health and school safety and the outbreak’s impact on their academic progress. For parents, it is a time to prepare their children for success in the coming months, from organising study schedules to arranging for tuition and enrichment classes.

Parents want to give their children the best start possible in school. They want their children to be excited and ready to learn and grow. Here are some tips on ensuring your child has a positive outlook about starting their new school year and being motivated to succeed!

Get Your Child on a Sleep Schedule

Holiday season often means later bedtimes and unstructured days with plenty of opportunities to form unhealthy habits. All that has to change when school is starting. Sleep is important for concentration and memory, it can also help your child’s mood. Your child should get at least 7-9 hours of sleep if they are between 13 and 18 years old and 8-11 hours of sleep if they are younger. Begin their new sleep routine a week or two before school starts to adjust not only their sleep schedule mentally but physically as well. Their body’s internal clock needs to be reset so that they can wake up early for school feeling refreshed.

Create a Morning Routine

Establishing a routine takes time, but it can help your child adjust back to the school year. Help them set an alarm clock, practice getting dressed on their own, and make sure they eat breakfast. Doing this every day will eventually become second nature for your children and help them transition into their new school schedule.

Pack Necessary School Supplies

A few days before school starts, make a list of items your child will need to bring with them. Stock up on pencils and notebooks that they will use throughout the year. If there are any special items that their primary school or secondary school requires, make sure to add them to the list too. Items like calculators for older children, protractors, and rulers are essential for an efficient school year.

Talk About Exciting Aspects of School

With the right attitude, a school can be an exciting place to learn and grow. Help your child focus on the positive aspects of going back to school such as seeing their friends, making new ones, and learning new things. You can also talk about expectations for the upcoming year, like academic goals or extra-curricular activities they would like to join.

Discuss What Your Child Will Be Learning

Talking about exciting topics and activities that can be explored in school can get your child excited about the new school year. Make sure they know their upcoming syllabus, what is being taught in each subject, and how it relates to the real world. Even discussing the career paths associated with specific subjects can get your child interested and motivated to learn.

Set Goals Together for the Upcoming Year

Goals can be a great motivation for your child, so sit down and talk about what they would like to accomplish in the upcoming school year. These could include academic goals such as improving their grades, joining clubs, and volunteering. You can also set goals with them that have nothing to do with school, such as spending more quality time together.

Find Time to Bond with Your Child

School can be a stressful and busy time, so make sure you find the time to bond with your child even if it is just 20 minutes after school. Talk about their day and what they learned, ask them how they are feeling, or engage in fun activities with them. This is a great way to keep your child engaged and motivated to learn new things.

Celebrate Their Successes Throughout the Year

Make sure to celebrate your child’s successes throughout the school year. Whether it is getting 100% on a spelling test or acing their science project, praise your child and let them know they are doing great. A positive attitude will go a long way in helping your child stay motivated and excited about learning.

Check-in with Your Kids Regularly

Photo by National Cancer Institute on Unsplash

Keep in touch with your child’s teacher to ensure that your child is on track and making progress. This also helps you to stay updated on any changes or updates involving their classes and/or school life. Check-in with your children regularly and ask them how they are doing, what they are learning, and if there is anything you can do to help.

Encourage Healthy Habits

Healthy habits such as getting regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, and getting enough sleep will help your child focus in school. Encourage them to stay organised and take study breaks when needed. Helping them learn good time management skills can also be beneficial, especially in high school where they may have multiple assignments due on the same day.

By following these tips, you can make sure your child is set up for success in the upcoming school year. With a positive attitude and plenty of support from parents, children can get excited and motivated to start their school year!

How to Discuss LGBTQ Issues With Your Child

Nadya Sharfina · April 5, 2023 · Leave a Comment

“Open conversations on sensitive topics are opportunities to teach kids about the value of empathy and respect for others.”

Young people often learn about gender identity and LGBTQAI+ issues through friends, at school, or the media before ever discussing it with their parents. Many of the terms may be confusing to understand and easy to misinterpret. Unlike in the recent past, acceptance, and inclusivity preached by other youth are becoming the norm rather than the exception. Most kids however would still benefit from open conversations with their parents on the topic. Every parent wants the best for their children. However, providing support is not always easy, particularly if you are the parent of an LGBTQ child.

Understanding LGBTQ and Sexual Orientation

The letter “LGBTQ” is generally used to describe sexual orientation. This acronym is an abbreviation for “lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (or questioning)”

The term “transgender” refers to gender identity, and not sexual orientation. Gender refers to whether a person is male or female. Transgender people may have one gender’s body but believe they are of the opposite gender.

Meanwhile, sexual orientation refers to a person’s emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to another person. There are various types of sexual orientation, such as:

Heterosexual

Males are romantically and physically attracted to heterosexual females, and heterosexual females are romantically and physically attracted to heterosexual males. Heterosexuals are often referred to as “straight.”

Homosexual

People who are romantically and physically attracted to people of the same gender.

Bisexual

People who are romantically and physically attracted to people of both sexes.

Asexual

People who are not interested in sex, sexual feelings, or desires.

Create a Safe and Nurturing Environment

The first step towards discussing LGBTQ issues is to create a safe and nurturing environment where your children can express their opinions on the topic, free of judgment. Your child may have noticed that LGBTQ children in their school may face sexual orientation discrimination at school, or even within their own families. If your child is confused or has questions about his or her identity and orientation as well, it is incredibly important that understanding and support come from you as the parent.

The next step is to have meaningful conversations on LGBTQ issues about gender identity and sexual orientation. You could start by simply asking them how they identify or what makes them feel comfortable. You can also discuss topics such as LGBTQ history and current events, which will help kids understand the cultural aspects of being LGBTQ in today’s society.

It is essential to remind LGBTQ children that everyone is unique and that it is acceptable for people to express themselves in whatever way feels natural and comfortable to them. Remind them that exploring gender identity and sexual orientation is an ongoing journey and that they do not need to rush into any opinions or decisions.

Educate Yourself and Remain Open-Minded

Parents should also educate themselves on the subject of gender and sexual orientation. Be open-minded and willing to learn because children who identify as LGBTQ may face issues that are unique to their experience.

There are numerous excellent resources available online and offline to help you better understand LGBTQ identities and experiences. Here are a few examples:

Books

Family Pride by Michael Shelton: This book is about what LGBTQ families should know about navigating home, school, and neighbourhood safety. It is a great book emphasizing community safety for queer families and allies.

Love Comes First by Bradford Kolb, MD, FACOG & Melinda Maerker: This book is about LGBTQ families’ inspiring stories. This also includes expert advice on raising LGBTQ children, ranging from adoption to surrogacy, a tour of biology, and the latest reproductive medicine technologies from an LGBTQ perspective.

This is a Book for Parents of Gay Kids by Dannielle Owens-Reid and Kristin Russo: Written in a simple Q&A format. The authors have extensive experience answering parents’ numerous questions and providing insight and guidance on emotional and practical issues.

YouTube

Queer Kid Stuff: This channel provides LGBTQ and social justice media to children and families. They produce videos, podcasts, newsletters, and various other media.

Shame Proof Parenting: Mercedes Samudio is a best-selling author, speaker, and parent coach. In this episode, she speaks with John Sovec about how to support a child who identifies as LGBTQ and helps teens and parents navigate the process of coming out.

Powered by Rainbows: Every week, this channel offers LGBTQ videos that include highly researched classes, documentaries, interviews with experts and activists, and so many more.

Communities / Organizations (Singapore based)

The T Project: This is Singapore’s first and only social service that caters to the needs of the transgender community. The T Project runs a transgender women’s shelter, a community center, counseling services, and trans reading materials.

Sayoni: The organization was founded in 2006 by six women from diverse backgrounds to empower queer women, including lesbian, bisexual, and transgender women. The volunteer-led organization based in Singapore believes that everyone can help improve the lives of the LGBTQ+ community.

The Purple Alliance: This is a safe space that promotes the well-being of LGBTQA people. It gives them the ability to share their stories and provides them with the resources they require.

Parents should be aware of any LGBTQ-related activities that children may be interested in attending (such as LGBTQ pride festivals or LGBTQ-focused events at schools) and support participation if they feel comfortable doing so. You could also Introduce kids to movies and other forms of media that feature LGBTQ characters or themes. Doing so will give children exposure to the issues and stories surrounding the topic.

Respect Your LGBTQ Child’s Privacy

Remember that the gender identity and sexual orientation of LGBTQ children are private matters. It is critical to remind your child to respect others’ privacies as well as protect your LGBTQ child’s privacy and not reveal any personal information about them without their consent. This includes not discussing LGBTQ issues with other family members or friends without the child’s permission. Parents should be aware that their children may be reluctant to discuss their gender identity or sexual orientation in public.

Family Rejection

The rejection of LGBTQ children by their own families is a tragedy that has been going on for far too long. This heartbreaking situation can leave deep emotional scars and lead to devastating consequences, such as drug addiction, depression, and self-harming behavior, including suicide attempts.

While this problem is often attributed to the children themselves, it is rooted in society’s attitude towards LGBTQ children and how parents internalize those attitudes. In many cases, the shame caused by parental disapproval can be so great that parents will reject their children instead of embracing them.

When engaging children in dialogue, be sure to let your children know that you support them unconditionally and that you are always there for them if they ever need anything.

Are Wars Still Being Fought in the World Today?

Rebecca Samuel · April 5, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Historians believe that the reason for this war arose most likely due to conflict over resources, as these were the times in which agriculture was taking the place of hunting and gathering."

Are Wars Still Being Fought in the World Today? Sadly, the answer to that question is yes, they have been going on ever since the first recorded war between the forces of Sumer and Elam in Mesopotamia in 2700BC. Historians believe that the reason for this war arose most likely due to conflict over resources, as these were the times in which agriculture was taking the place of hunting and gathering. This brings us to an age old question. Why do wars start in the first place?

Common reasons for war:

To effect change in a nation’s government
Disagreements over territory
Disagreements over resources
Religion
Race or Culture
Revenge

There have been conflicts amongst humans ever since, well, humans existed! Throughout history, great leaders have either been lauded for being brave and skilled at the art of war or praised for being able to keep their nations peaceful and prosperous. Millions of -mostly men- have died due to war however, and not always to a noble cause. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, war is the “state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations.”

Today, in order for a war to be termed a war, some factors have to be taken into consideration:

Fatalities are from battle related deaths as well as deaths of civilians who are intentionally targeted.
It must consist of armed force between 2 or more organized armed groups, whether governmental or non-governmental.

War in Afghanistan

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan. The Taliban government lost control. From there, they have actively revolted against the U.S.-backed government in Kabul, international forces, as well as Afghan national security forces.

To date, the Taliban carries out suicide attacks in major cities. For more than four years the war has been deadlocked. The Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) continue to fight but suffer heavy casualties. In 2018, 10,993 civilian casualties were recorded, with the UN documenting 3,804 deaths and 7,189 injuries. The total UN-documented civilian casualties since 2010 is now at more than 100,000.

War in Yemen

Yemen’s civil war began in 2014 when Houthi insurgents took control of Yemen’s capital, Sana’a. They demanded that fuel prices be lowered and that a new government come into power. They seized the presidential palace in January 2015, which led to the resignation of President Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi and his government. From March 2015, Saudi Arabia and various other gulf states imposed economic isolation and air strikes against the Houthi insurgents, with the support of the U.S.

The civilian casualty toll has exceeded 15,000 killed or injured. At the time of writing, twenty-two million Yemenis remain in desperate need of urgent aid, while eight million people are at risk of famine. A cholera outbreak has affected over one million people. The conflict today continues to destroy the lives of Yemeni civilians, effectively rendering Yemen as the place with the world’s worst humanitarian crisis.

How to Find Your Motivation: The What and the How

Rebecca Samuel · April 5, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Everyone is used to hearing maxims like “Stay Motivated!” or “Persevere! You can do it!” but no one tells us HOW."

Whether you have had to live through trying to motivate yourself through the ups and downs of the school year in 2020 or whether you struggle with motivation anyway, this article is for you. Everyone is used to hearing maxims like “Stay Motivated!” or “Persevere! You can do it!” but no one tells us HOW. So, we stumble along, try this and that. Truth is, there is a method to motivation, and the key to getting there is understanding the WHAT. What is Motivation?

The What

Educational psychologists espouse two main types of motivation, namely intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Ever become so engrossed in learning or doing something that you forgot to eat and didn’t even notice several hours slip by? Intrinsic motivation shows up when we have such an intense, genuine interest in the topic or subject that learning itself becomes a pleasure, and an all absorbing activity. Extrinsic motivation is when we have an external reward at the outcome of our learning. Good grades or a reward from parents for doing well are classic examples of extrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic motivation is of course, highly desired by us all, and it has been linked clearly with higher levels of academic achievement and better mental health. It’s impossible for us however, to conjure up intrinsic motivation whenever we feel like it. Calculus can’t always be done in a burst of inspiration, and neither can that history essay on World War II.

Some people use a mixture of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to push themselves. Enjoying the study of Shakespeare will be so much better with an A1 to show for it. Using a mixture of the two types of motivation is probably the best way for most students to push themselves and move forward.

The How: Intrinsic Motivation

Find a place where you study best, be it a cafe, your kitchen table or the school library, and stick to the few places where you feel both comfortable and undistracted.
Decide an order in which you will tackle your homework or study plan, whether it’s starting with the hardest bits first or the other way around, but have a plan.
Adults, nag less and praise more. praise creates intrinsic motivation when it’s heartfelt and celebrates effort (e.g. “you worked really hard,” vs. “you’re so clever”) and communicates encouragement, not pressure (e.g. “you’re doing really well, keep it up” vs. “you’re doing really well, just like I asked you to”)

The How: Extrinsic Motivation

They can be really really small rewards, but very useful. 45 minutes of studying followed by say, a bubble tea or 10 minutes of TikTok or a 15 minute power nap. Even ticking off a to-do list can provide a sense of accomplishment. Make sure it’s at least somewhat healthy or enjoyable without destroying your rhythm and focus, then get right back to studying.
Study in intervals and figure out the best combination for you. It can be 25 minutes of study followed by a 5 minute break or 75 minutes study followed by a 15 minute break. You do you.
Adults, talk to kids about their extrinsic motivations and then give them a little boost along the way, whether it’s hugs or Hawaiian pizza.

There are incredibly creative ways to keep your motivation going, and they do indeed carry on into adulthood and work life. Try different ways until you figure out what works best for you. Importantly, don’t kick yourself when you’re down. Everyone has bad days when they feel like they can’t get anything done. Move on to the next day, and try, try, try again.

How Should I Choose My Subject Combination?

Rebecca Samuel · April 5, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Success and Happiness are choices, not destinations, and the subject combination you pick will not ultimately decide your fate."

We should play a game here. Two Lies One Truth, figure out which statement is true.

Statement 1: The subject combination I pick will determine the course of the rest of my life.

Statement 2: Following my interests will be my best bet.

Statement 3: The ‘triple science’ combination is the safest, and I can’t go wrong with it.

I will not be surprised to hear that most of you can’t figure out the truth because you have been told over and over again, that there is a set way of doing things, a ‘safe’ way, a way to ‘not make a mistake’.

Newsflash: Statement 1 and 3 are false, and anyone who tells you, a 14 year old, that it’s possible to not ‘go wrong’ in life, is the biggest liar of all. Let’s get one fact out of the way, and the gentle truth is, you are going to make mistakes. Big ones and small ones. Some of you will make more mistakes than others, and some of you (like me) will trace a bit of the confusion in your life back to the point where you picked your subject combination at the end of Secondary Two. What is important to understand, is that life can get both weird and wonderful, promising and perplexing all at once, and that learning how to deal with it all is the real secret to success, and certainly not determined by the ‘perfect’ subject combination.

Let’s take a look at Statement 1 for instance. “The subject combination I pick will determine the course of the rest of my life.” It is possible that not taking all the sciences might lead to you not obtaining a compulsory course, a requirement or prerequisite for Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmaceutical or Forensic Science and so on. The first question to ask yourself here then, is whether your heart already knows where it’s going. Not your mom’s or dad’s or grandma’s heart, but yours. Have you been dreaming about a career in medicine since you were in diapers? Are you genuinely interested in branches of medicine? Will the ability to heal others give you a sense of fulfillment? Do your grades also reflect this interest? Grades aren’t everything but let’s face it, if you’ve spent many nights losing hair and struggling to bond with the elements, you don’t really see yourself getting to know them even better over the next two years do you. The fact of the matter is, if you already know beyond the shadow of a doubt where you’re headed, one bad grade or nay saying teacher will not stop you, you will find a way to meet your destiny come hell or high water.

Let’s take a look at the vast majority of students however. You don’t know what you want, and you have no idea who or what you’re going to be when you grow up. Heck you barely know who you are right now. You should not then allow this decision to plague your life. Go with the subjects that you find more interesting, or at the very least, that you find easier to score in. Don’t refer to just your final grade, but your entire journey with the subject so far. Did you really enjoy that Shakespeare group presentation you had to do way back in Term 1? Did the transfer of sound energy through vibrations cause a reverberation in your mind? Are quadratic equations actually – secretly – kind of… fun?

Remember that life is a continuous journey of growth and exploration. Know that whatever decision you make right now is not the end of the world. You are going to go on to graduate secondary school, further your education in whichever field you see fit, go out into the working world and then see that there are even more possibilities out there for you, and that ultimately, you determine your own path.

Steve Jobs told the world to “have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become.” I will leave that here for you.

How to Cope with Exam Anxiety and Perform at Your Best

Rebecca Samuel · April 5, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"As a student, you can take several steps yourself to prevent a build-up of stress. Stress is like an invisible load that gets heavier if you ignore it or choose not to deal with it."

Read the statements below. Does one or more of them apply to you?

“I often worry that it will be difficult for me to take a test.”
“I worry I will get poor grades at school.”
“I feel very anxious even if I am well prepared for a test.”
“I get very tense when I study for a test.”
“I get nervous when I do not know how to solve a task at school!”

These were the questions posed to 5,825 Singaporean students in a study conducted by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 2017. The response was disturbing: 76% of students reported feeling extremely anxious for a test, even if they were well prepared for it, and the results overall revealed high levels of stress and distress when it comes to academic performance.

This isn’t news to any of us. Students in Singapore have been exhibiting and complaining about stress for many years. The Ministry of Education takes a serious view of it and has taken and continues to take measures to combat this issue on many levels, especially before it takes a turn for the worse.

One reason for this level of stress probably just goes back to our culture. Our predominantly Asian population retains an intense focus on the value and importance of education. Images of our grand and great grandparents spanking our ancestors and forcing them to study with candlelight over many hours comes to mind. Culturally, being only the very best at one’s educational pursuits has often been viewed as the only path to success.

Some steps you can take are:

Pay attention to your sleep. Having regular hours of sleep is more important to your performance than studying late into the night, and being exhausted throughout the school day.
Drink plenty of water. Water is brain juice, it helps to clear your mind and refresh your body.
Eat your fruits and vegetables! Bubble tea and fried snacks are yummy, but don’t forget to eat your fruits and vegetables regularly, as they are crucial for your well-being and overall health.
Communicate with a loved one about your problems, be it a family member or a good friend. Talking it out will help ease your mind and heart.
Set realistic goals. Don’t stuff your timetable with so much work that your mind becomes too exhausted to continue.
Have a plan! Planning out your revision will help you focus on your weaker subjects without neglecting your stronger ones.
Believe in yourself! Write out goals and notes of encouragement to yourself and stick it up on your laptop or even your bedroom walls! (You can get friends and family to write them too, the more the merrier!)

5 Ways to Take Better Notes in Class

Rebecca Samuel · April 4, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Note-taking could happen on plain, boring pieces of foolscap paper too, with pages and pages of scribbled ballpoint pen inked notes, sometimes organized, sometimes wildly illegible to anyone except yourself."

Note-taking for students generally conjures up cute little notebooks, pages inked with a rainbow of colours – and more. Notes are also covered with doodles because that’s the time when you have to make it seem like you’re listening to the teacher and writing things down, when in reality, you’re kind of bored or tired and have lost track of your teacher’s voice already, forcing you to take a doodle break before getting back into the mix.

Note-taking could happen on plain, boring pieces of foolscap paper too, with pages and pages of scribbled ballpoint pen inked notes, sometimes organized, sometimes wildly illegible to anyone except yourself. For me, this form of note-taking often occurs when I am truly in the zone, capturing the essence of almost everything the teacher is saying. No doodles adorn these pages – there isn’t time – and these notes are often handed around to lazier, sleepier fellow classmates, to copy or digest as they see fit.

Few students know it at the time, but note-taking is actually therapeutic. You are producing your understanding of what your teacher is imparting, creating a little bit of art out of it and using colours to create something aesthetically pleasing. Research into colour therapy has even resulted in recommended colours for note-taking. Try using yellow when you know you’re taking down something that needs to be remembered and memorized, and use blue to draw your focus to something.

As the therapeutic nature of note-taking intertwines with technological advancements, students can now enhance their academic pursuits by utilizing a variety of innovative apps designed to optimize their note-taking experience. Technology has made headway into the world of note-taking, and some tools are just absolute must-haves for the trendy student. Here are 5 great apps that will help you to ace note-taking.

Goodnotes

Goodnotes is great for writing as smoothly and colouring as quickly as you would on paper, but the truly fantastic bit to me, is the search function, which allows you to hunt down a handwritten note! Also, you no longer have to print out notes uploaded into SLS by your teacher. Import it into Goodnotes and go ahead and annotate virtually right on the document itself! Get rid of your bulky files and random loose notes from who knows when, Goodnotes folders keeps them all organized.

Ginger Labs

As a serial doodler, Notability is a ton of fun for me. Being able to add in photos is a cute function as well. Try using it for group projects as a collaboration tool, and if you’re lazy to type in comments, you can use the audio tool to verbally convey your thoughts and ideas.

Inspiration Maps

This one is for the mind mappers. Some people think and work better with maps and Inspiration Maps’ beautiful interface is the perfect app for them. Concept maps, cause and effect diagrams, process flows, family trees and just about any kind of mind map is possible. What I find enticing is that unlike paper, where a mistake involves scribbling out or starting over, with Inspiration Maps I can simply drag and drop to organize and categorize concepts and ideas as many times as I want.

OneNote

OneNote is a great note taking tool that allows for easy revision with highlighting and ink notations. Organization is made straightforward across notebooks, sections and pages while coloured tags are available for reminders or for categorizing your notes. You can also record voice notes and upload videos. Sharing notes with desperate friends the night before the exam is made easy with this app.

LiquidText

LiquidText is a phenomenal app that has already created waves in the medical, legal and business worlds. While it has all the usual features which allow you to take notes, annotate and organize, it also draws relationships between notes and ideas, so that you will not forget, say, a foundational concept while learning a new one. A little pinch on the screen shows up connections with everything else the idea could possibly be connected to. It almost – I daresay – works like (some of) our brains!

Technology is here to help, but for many of us, a hybrid of note-taking on paper and on an app might be the solution. While keeping our notes organized is an invaluable function of note-taking apps, there is a deep sense of satisfaction to be derived from handwritten notes as well. Check out hand-written note-taking instagrammers like @studyfel, @studyrella and @studyscript for inspiration! Meanwhile, you do you.

O-Level Triumph: 6 Essential Tips for Early Preparation

Nadya Sharfina · April 4, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Passing the O-Levels is not just an achievement, it's a key that unlocks many doors of opportunity. It can pave the way for a successful academic career and set the foundation for a brighter future."

The O-Levels are an important milestone for students as it can open many doors of opportunity for their futures. The O-Levels can be a gateway to a successful academic career. Whether it involves juggling difficult subjects, CCAs, your social life, tuition or family affairs, it’s important to get your head in the game and make sure you’re ready to tackle these high-stakes exams. Here are 6 essential tips that will help students prepare effectively for the O-Levels!

1. Creating an O-Level Exam Timetable

Creating an O-Level exam timetable will help you keep track of what topics you need to cover and when to be fully prepared for the O-Level exams. Prioritize subjects that will need more of your attention and plan accordingly. Make sure to factor in sufficient breaks between study sessions to rest and re-energize before jumping back into studying again. 6 hours without a break will only break you. Regular pauses will help you stay focused and motivated to keep studying. Create a realistic study timetable that takes into account other commitments such as tuition and extracurricular activities. Being able to manage your time well is essential for O-Level preparation.

2. Dealing With Pre-exam Stress and Anxiety

O-Levels can be a nerve-wracking experience, and it is normal to feel some anxiety before taking them. It is important to take steps to manage your emotions so that they don’t interfere with your performance. Some options are:

Talk with friends and family about how you are feeling to reduce the sense of isolation that often accompanies pre-exam stress.
Meditate or practice deep breathing exercises to clear your mind of stressful thoughts and feelings.
Start early and pace yourself.
Find a relaxing hobby that does not take too much time – or become too addictive – and absorb yourself in it whenever you feel too much pressure

O-Levels are not a sprint, they are more like a marathon. Start preparing for your O-Levels months before the actual exams. This will give you enough time to thoroughly review the material and deepen your understanding of the topics.

3. Taking Care of Your Physical Health During O-Level Preparations

O-Levels can be mentally and physically taxing, and it is important to take care of yourself while you prepare. Getting enough sleep each night is essential for staying sharp during study or tuition sessions and consolidating newly acquired knowledge and improving memory retention.

Make sure to eat well-balanced meals throughout the day to fuel your body with all the necessary nutrients. Eating a balanced diet full of fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains will provide you with the energy you need to power through your studying sessions. Additionally, don’t forget to stay hydrated by drinking enough water throughout the day, and remember that exercising regularly will help keep your energy levels up and boost your mood, enabling you to stay focused on O-Level preparations.

4. Utilizing Online Tutorials and Resources

There are a variety of O-Level-related tutorials and online resources available which can be incredibly helpful for O-Level preparation. Take time to browse through the internet, books, or educational magazines available in libraries for additional tips and methods on tackling O-Level exams.

Consider attending O-Level preparatory classes or tuition sessions if necessary. These classes usually cover topics students may have missed during school lessons, so they are an extremely valuable resource for O-Level candidates.

These sources also provide details on subjects that students might find challenging or when they are in need of more instruction. Resources such as test practices can help assess knowledge and identify areas where more revision is needed.

Here are some resources which you can access for free online:

Khan Academy: The best and most popular instructional channel on YouTube is Khan Academy, which has a ton of videos for a variety of subjects that cover both complex and basic topics.

Tyler DeWitt: This channel focuses on chemistry. There are so many videos on practically every chemistry topic, and more are being added all the time. It uses analogies to aid recall and provides explanations with amazing graphical illustrations.

HegartyMaths: With a mathematics concentration, this channel helps you practice past paper questions to help you become familiar with exam-style questions. If you want to learn anything, whether it’s fundamental trigonometry or something more difficult, this channel is highly recommended.

Mr. Salles Teaches English: Mr. Salles’ videos can assist you with language. They dissect texts, explain illustrative student responses, and assist you in identifying patterns in your essay or core text.

Free Science Lessons: One of the most popular YouTube channels for revision, the videos on this channel organize and cover every GCE scientific topic in great detail.

5. Revision is Key

When it comes to preparing for O-Levels, revision is key. Without proper revision and practice, students may struggle to recall important information, make mistakes in their answers, and score lower marks than they can achieve. Revision allows students to deepen their understanding of the topics and increase their confidence in the exam hall.

Make sure to revisit all the topics you have learned throughout the year and go over past exam papers to get a better feel of what types of questions may be asked. This will help you identify areas where you need to focus more and thoroughly prepare for the O-Levels.

6. Stay Focused

O-Levels are a long process, so stay focused until the day of the exam. Make sure that you are not procrastinating and leaving everything to the last minute. Try not to get overwhelmed by difficult topics as this can cause your O-Level preparation efforts to be derailed. Instead, plan how you will tackle each subject and stick with it until the day of the O-Levels.

When studying for the O-levels, you should focus on understanding concepts rather than memorizing facts. Use mnemonics and other memory aids to help you remember key facts, and make sure to practice solving O-Level type questions as this will give you a better idea of what to expect on exam day.

Remind yourself that O-Levels are an important milestone in your educational journey. The O-Levels can be an intimidating experience but do not forget that if you have followed all these tips and done your best with preparation, the most important things are to have faith in yourself and believe you can achieve your goals.

Powerful Talk: Parenting and Sex Education

Nadya Sharfina · March 7, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Parents can prepare for these conversations by broaching age-appropriate topics and practicing effective communication methods with their kids.”

Discussing sex education with kids can often be difficult or awkward. It is important to discuss it however, as it teaches kids about their bodies, about making safe and healthy decisions, and fosters open, honest dialogue between parent and child. Read on for some suggestions on talking openly about this sensitive subject with your kids.

Introduce the Topic of Sex to Your Kids

Photo by Sebastian Pandelache on Unsplash

Introducing the topic of sex to your kids is an important parenting skill to have. Experts recommend that parents begin talking to their children about sex before any formal sex education in school. As children enter adolescence, the conversation should expand to include topics such as consent, healthy relationships, contraception, and the emotional aspects of sexual intimacy.

As kids grow, their comprehension of sex and sexuality changes, so it is essential to tailor the conversation accordingly. For example, when discussing sex with preschool-aged kids, parents should focus on introducing basic concepts like proper names for body parts and relationships between family members.

With school-aged or adolescent kids, parents can cover more complex topics such as sexual health, gender identity issues, and concerns about sexual safety.

Parents can help build trust and respect between themselves and their kids through these conversations while ensuring that their kids have a comprehensive understanding of sexual health as they enter teen or adulthood.

Explaining Puberty

Puberty is often a confusing period in a child’s life. Parents should discuss these topics in a safe and non-judgmental environment with their kids so that they can gain a better understanding of their changing bodies and feelings. Parents should discuss their child’s physical changes, such as growing taller or developing acne.

Hormones change the way a kid’s body looks on the outside, but they also cause changes on the inside. During puberty, kids may feel confused or experience strong emotions that they have never experienced before. They may be overly sensitive or easily upset. Parents should address emotional changes or the development of deeper relationships with friends as well as crushes.

Boys begin puberty between the ages of 9 and 14 and typically reach puberty two years later than girls. If your son begins to show signs of puberty before age 9 or no signs of puberty have appeared by age 15, talk to a doctor about it. Signs of puberty that you can tell your boys to look out for include:

Coarse, curly hair sprouting above the penis and on the scrotum
Testicles will get bigger
Erections may start to happen
Ejaculation: the release of sperm containing semen – will occur
Ejaculation during sleep may happen, and is called a ‘wet dream’
Hair will continue to grow under arms and on the face
The voice will crack and grow deeper

Girls typically start puberty 2 years earlier than boys, between the ages of 8 and 13. Periods (menstruation) typically begin around the age of 12. Signs of puberty that you can tell your girls to look out for include:

Breast development
Coarse, curly hair appearing on the labia
Hair growing in the underarms
Hips will start to widen
Abdominal cramps just before their first period
Spotting of blood on the underwear just before their first period

Both boys and girls will undergo emotional changes in varied ways. Some changes to look out for include:

When kids start worrying about what people think of their appearance
They may start to concentrate more on the way they look and dress
Becoming more concerned about their privacy
They may become moodier
Kids might want to focus on their friends rather than their families, showing less affection towards parents

Books, Podcasts, Videos, and Other Resources

Parents can provide their kids with resources to help them navigate the complex issues surrounding sex education. By doing so, parents offer their kids reliable and accurate information about sex and sexual health. These can include websites, books, pamphlets, podcasts, and even online forums where kids can ask questions in a safe, nonjudgmental environment.

Here are some books, podcasts, and videos on teaching kids about sex, puberty, and relationships:

Books

Ready, Set, Grow! by Lynda Madaras: This book contains everything you need to know about girls’ bodies and puberty. Detailed, but written in a friendly tone that addresses typical teenage angst. Suitable for preparing younger girls for puberty or for girls who have already begun puberty.

Let’s Talk about Body Boundaries, Consent & Respect by Jayneen Sanders: A fantastic resource for discussing consent in a thoughtful and non-threatening manner, ensuring that kids understand their body safety rights while also respecting the rights of other kids.

How to Talk to Your Child About Sex by Linda and Richard Eyre: The authors emphasize that it is never too early or too late to begin discussing sex and values with your kids, and they have tried-and-true methods for making it easier.

Podcasts

ONE Extraordinary Marriage Show: Talking with your spouse or partner, strategizing, and committing to answering truthfully to your children about sex are some of the action plans Tony and Alisa DiLorenzo recommend to parents in this podcast.

Life Kit: What are sex, genitals, consent, and self-touching? This episode of the podcast assists parents in overcoming their ambiguity and discomfort about sex education so that they can raise healthy and responsible kids.

Conversations with Dr. Jennifer: This Podcast covers why discussing sex with kids can be so difficult. This includes how to be a good mentor in early childhood to adulthood and age-appropriate sexuality conversations to have with your kids.

Videos

Vanessa and Xander Marin: Did you know that children who talk about sex with their parents make better decisions about their sexual lives? This video provides you with more information. Vanessa is a sex therapist, and together with her husband helps parents who are struggling to talk to their children about sex and offers advice.

Nicholeen Peck – Teaching Self Government: Nicholeen Peck is regarded as one of the most effective parenting experts in the world. Discussions centre around fixing behavioral issues in children, increasing family unity, or simply strengthening family relationships. In this episode, she discusses sex education and other age-appropriate topics.

Watchwellcast: This video explains the stages of puberty as well as what happens in children’s bodies and minds during puberty. Watchwellcast also decodes puberty in girls and boys in separate videos with great animation.

Providing resources will help kids gain the knowledge they need to make informed decisions. Parents must provide factual information to their kids rather than making up answers or using slang terms.

Kids should also be taught that it is acceptable to not have all of the answers. They can be encouraged to seek trustworthy information or guidance from healthcare providers, educators, or other responsible adults when in doubt.

Emphasise Consent, Respect, and Boundaries

When discussing sex with their kids, parents should emphasise the importance of consent and respect. Explain that:

all sexual activity must be consensual and that anyone can say “no” at any time without repercussions.
respect means honouring people’s boundaries

Sexual abuse is an often-overlooked topic in parenting and sex education. Parents need to discuss this subject with their kids because sexual abuse can have long-term psychological and physical effects on victims. Explain to kids that any type of unwanted or nonconsensual contact with private body parts, including touching, fondling, kissing, or intercourse, is considered sexual abuse.

Rape, incest, child molestation, and other forms of relationship coercion are serious topics that ought to be discussed and understood as well. Parents should also discuss how anyone, regardless of gender identity or age, can be a victim; and that no one has the right to force someone into unwanted sexual contact.

Remind your kids that if they ever feel uncomfortable in a situation or suspect that they have been sexually abused, they can always seek help. Encourage your kids to come forward if anything inappropriate occurs. Make sure your kids know who they can turn to besides you if they feel unsafe or scared, such as teachers, nurses, doctors at school, or healthcare professionals outside of school.

Discuss Abstinence-Only Approach vs Other Options

When discussing sex education with kids, parents may choose the abstinence-only approach, but it is ineffective in providing comprehensive sex education. It can even lead to negative outcomes such as higher rates of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections amongst teens. This method only offers abstinence as a means of protection against such risks, which is insufficient.

To provide their kids with a more informed perspective on sex, parents can opt for a more comprehensive approach that includes topics such as STD (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) awareness, contraception, and consent. This method of sex education is more effective in lowering STI (Sexually Transmitted Infections) rates and unwanted pregnancies.

Sex education is critical for kids of all ages. It teaches kids about their bodies and how they work, as well as about self-esteem and relationships. When parents communicate their opinions and advice in a well-informed manner and in a loving, accepting environment, kids can grow up safe and healthy.

Unveiling the Magic of Art Therapy for Kids

Nadya Sharfina · March 5, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Art therapy accommodates the creative process with psychotherapy, allowing for self-discovery and comprehension."

Expressive art therapy can be a powerful and beneficial tool for children of all ages. Through art activities, they can learn to explore their emotions and gain insight into their inner lives. Art therapy aims to provide children with an outlet for expression and to help them cope with complicated feelings. Art therapy can also be particularly helpful for children who have experienced trauma, as it allows them to process their emotions and experiences in a safe and supportive manner.

When combined with counselling, art therapy can provide children with the tools they need to improve their mental and physical health. Through art activities, children can explore their feelings in an accepting and non-judgmental environment where they can express themselves without fear of criticism or reprimand.

Introducing and Creating a Safe Space for Expressive Art Therapy

Expressive art therapy is a process that encourages children to explore their emotions and experiences through art. It is based on the idea that art activities can help children identify and express feelings, thoughts, and ideas that they may not be able to verbalise.

During art therapy sessions, the therapist will provide art materials such as paints, clay, paper, markers, and other creative tools for the child to work with. Art therapy needs to be done in a safe and comfortable environment. This means that art activities should be conducted in an area where children can feel secure and free from distractions.

The therapists should create an atmosphere free of judgment and encourage self-expression through art rather than focusing on the final product. They will also offer guidance and support to help the child understand their art better.

Different Types of Art Therapy Techniques

Expressive art therapy techniques are varied and can be tailored to meet children’s individual needs. Painting, drawing, sculpting, music, and dance are all art forms that can be used in art therapy sessions.

There is no “right” or “wrong” way to approach art therapy. Instead, art activities should be structured around a certain topic or goal. Through art activities such as creating art with clay, painting abstract art, or making collages, children can learn how to better understand themselves and their emotions.

Mental Benefits of Expressive Art Therapy for Kids

Besides helping children develop a better understanding of their emotions, art therapy can also help children understand the emotions of those around them, improve problem-solving skills, and gain confidence in themselves.

Expressive art therapy can be used to work through traumatic experiences or difficult emotions. Children can benefit from improved mental health, better communication skills, enhanced self-awareness, reduced stress levels and increased resilience.

Physical Development Using Various Art Modalities

Art can help improve motor skills and hand-eye coordination as art activities require children to use both hands and different parts of their bodies to create art. It can provide an outlet for physical expression which helps children to become more aware of how their bodies move in certain ways. This awareness often leads to an improved understanding of how their emotions manifest physically and how those feelings impact their behaviour.

This therapy is especially beneficial for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), attachment issues, trauma, or learning disabilities.

Encouraging Creative Exploration at Home

Photo by Volodymyr Hryshchenko on Unsplash

Parents can also benefit from art therapy by encouraging creative exploration at home. This means providing children with art supplies or other materials that allow them to express their creativity. Parents can also take the time to sit down with their children and discuss their artwork together. Doing so helps validate the child’s feelings while allowing them to discuss whatever emotions they may have felt when creating it.

When engaging in art therapy at home, parents should remember that there is no right or wrong way for a child to express themselves through art. Creating art should be a fun and positive experience that allows children to explore their thoughts and feelings in a safe environment. With this approach, parents can help their children gain emotional self-awareness and improve communication skills.

Toxic Marvels: Human Venom Production and Its Startling Implications

Nadya Sharfina · February 28, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Recent research into kallikreins – an enzyme in humans that is also found in snakes, scorpions, spiders and other venomous creatures."

It may sound like something out of a science fiction movie, but humans could one day be capable of producing venom. This fascinating scientific discovery has implications for both the medical and biological fields. Recent research into kallikreins – an enzyme in humans that is also found in snakes, scorpions, spiders and other venomous creatures – has opened up a new realm of possibilities when it comes to understanding how humans can produce their own unique type of venom. It is the beginning theory for potentially venomous humans.

From vampire bats with toxic saliva to platypuses with spurs on their hind legs, there are many examples of animals using venom for various purposes. But what about humans? Could we too be capable of wielding our own form of chemical weapon? The answer may surprise you! Read on to learn more about this incredible science behind humans being able to produce their venom.

Overview of Venom and Its Uses in Nature

In nature, venom serves a variety of important roles. From delivering powerful neurotoxins to immobilizing prey, venom has many uses and is incredibly effective when it comes to capturing or killing intended targets. Different species have evolved different versions of venom depending on their surroundings and what they need to do to survive. This adaptation of venom based on prey type and environment allows for increased hunting success and survival of the species.

For example, in the Sahara Desert floor where snakes hunt mostly mice, the venom acts mostly on the circulatory system as it is not difficult for a snake to track a dying mouse a short distance on flat ground. In nearby Rocky Mountains, where the snakes hunt mainly lizards, the venom is a potent neurotoxin because if the prey is not quickly immobilized, it can easily escape into a crack and be hidden away.

How Humans Might be Capable of Producing Their Own Venom

With the discovery of kallikreins in humans, scientists have found that humans are capable of producing their own unique type of venom. Kallikreins are proteins secreted by cells in many tissues and organs including skin, glands, and nerves.

The most commonly known form of human-produced venom is saliva which contains several kallikrein proteins that can have toxic effects. While humans do not have venomous fangs or claws like some animals, the toxic compounds present in our saliva are enough to cause pain or even death if ingested in large amounts.

Possible Uses for Human Venom

Scientists are not sure yet what other potential uses humans may be able to find for their venom, but they are hopeful that it could be used in the medical field. For example, researchers have theorized that venom-based drugs could potentially be used to target specific tissues or cells, such as cancer cells, and destroy them without harming other healthy tissues. It is also possible that humans may find new uses for their venom in areas such as pest control.

Ultimately, there is still much more research to be done before humans can take advantage of their venom production capabilities. However, this recent discovery certainly opens up an exciting new realm of possibilities when it comes to humans and their relationship with nature. Who knows what else we may uncover about our incredible bodies and the world around us?

Concluding Thoughts on Humans and Venom

Humans have a remarkable ability to understand and manipulate their genetic makeup, and this research into humans producing venom is certainly pushing the boundaries of science. Even though there are still many unknowns when it comes to humans producing venom, we can already see potential applications for medical treatments.

Humans may one day find themselves with an entirely new form of protection or even be able to use venom-based drugs to treat serious illnesses such as cancer. For now, all that is left to do is wait and see what will come from these groundbreaking discoveries about humans and venom.

The Dark Legacy of Pol Pot’s Terror Reign

Nadya Sharfina · February 27, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge were responsible for the deaths of an estimated 1.5 million to 3 million people in what has been referred to as The Killing Fields."

Pol Pot was one of history’s most notorious dictators, ruling Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 during the Cambodian Genocide. During his reign, Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge were responsible for the deaths of an estimated 1.5 million to 3 million people in what has been referred to as ‘The Killing Fields’, where millions of Cambodians were forced to work in the countryside without mercy – suffering from starvation, dehydration, exhaustion and illness.

His rule ended when Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia in 1979. He fled and lived out much of his remaining years on the Cambodian border with Thailand. In 2001, a tribunal was established by the Cambodian government to try leaders of the Khmer Rouge but Pol Pot evaded justice due to his death in 1998.

This article takes a look at Pol Pot’s rise and fall – from political beginnings until his ultimate demise – to explore how such a dark period could have ever occurred.

Pol Pot’s Early Years

Photo by the Guardian

Pol Pot was born Saloth Sar on May 19th, 1925 in Prek Sbauv village near Phnom Penh, Cambodia. He was the eighth of nine children born to relatively prosperous parents. He attended a Buddhist monastery as a child and later studied radio technology. He adopted the name “Pol Pot” which means ‘brother number one’ or ‘great brother’ – an homage to his leadership role within the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK).

Pol Pot’s Ideology and Political Beginning

Pol Pot began his political career as a student in Paris in the late 1940s, where he was introduced to communism and Marxist–Leninist ideology. He was a fervent supporter of Marxist ideology and believed in the need for Cambodia’s economic, social, and political transformation. During this time, Pol Pot developed a vision of a utopian society based on agrarian communism, where Cambodia would be transformed into a self-sufficient, egalitarian society.

He returned to Cambodia in 1953 and joined the communist movement that had recently formed in the country. His platform was heavily influenced by Marxist-Leninist thinking, advocating for socialist policies such as nationalization, collectivization, and an agricultural economy. In addition to implementing Marxist policies in Cambodia, Pol Pot also sought to create solidarity between neighbouring countries that shared similar communist ideals.

The Cambodian Genocide and Its Victims

Photo by Sam D’Cruz on Adobe Stock

In 1960, Pol Pot and other members of CPK had become increasingly influential in Cambodian politics, eventually taking control of the government in 1975 with Pol Pot’s appointment as Prime Minister. During the Khmer Rouge’s reign of terror with Pol Pot firmly at its head, they implemented ‘Year Zero’ policies which included forced labor camps for those perceived as traitors or enemies of the regime. This led to what has become known as ‘The Killing Fields’. This was one of the darkest times in modern history with an estimated 1.5 million to 3 million people reported dead from execution, starvation, overwork, and torture.

This genocide was primarily seen as Pol Pot’s attempt at creating a pure agrarian society by forcibly removing educated city dwellers and people of different nationalities from Cambodia. Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge forces were responsible for committing most of these atrocities. This was one of the most devastating genocides in human history.

The Fall of Pol Pot and Legacy

Photo by Nastya Tepikina on Adobe Stock

Pol Pot’s rule ended abruptly when Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia in 1979. He eventually died in 1998 under mysterious circumstances. It is widely believed that he died from natural causes. However, some historians suggest that he might have committed suicide or been poisoned since he was supposedly going to be turned over to Cambodian officials to face justice for his crimes.

The legacy of Pol Pot is one of tragedy and horror. His rule was marked by extreme violence, oppressive policies, and mass executions that killed millions. He had no remorse for his actions as evidenced by his final interview where he denied any involvement in the genocide despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. His death ended a dark period in history but left behind countless victims who were scarred physically and emotionally from their experiences during Pol Pot’s time as a leader of Cambodia. The world should never forget what happened under Pol Pot’s regime, so we can ensure nothing like this ever happens again.

Travel Through Time to the Pyramids of Egypt

Nadya Sharfina · February 23, 2023 · Leave a Comment

"From Khufu’s Great Pyramid at Giza to Pepy II’s pyramid at Saqqara, these structures remain some of the most impressive feats of engineering ever accomplished by human hands."

For centuries, the majestic pyramid structures of ancient Egypt have captivated the imaginations of people around the world. These monumental tombs were constructed as monuments to honour pharaohs and their families, while also serving as symbols of power and stability in Egyptian society.

For thousands of years after their construction, these massive monuments were unrivalled in height and fascinated us with their astounding mass and unachievable perfection. From Khufu’s Great Pyramid at Giza to Pepy II’s pyramid at Saqqara, these structures remain some of the most impressive feats of engineering ever accomplished by human hands.

Join us on an incredible journey through time as we explore the history and mystery surrounding Egypt’s iconic pyramids.

Overview of Ancient Egyptian Pyramids

The pyramid structures of ancient Egypt were built by the great pharaohs of the Old Kingdom period. These monuments served as burial tombs for the pharaoh and their families and represented immense power and stability within pyramid-building societies.

The three pyramids of Giza – Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure – are perhaps one of the most iconic pyramid complexes in ancient Egypt. Built during a span from roughly 2550 to 2490 B.C., these pyramids are believed to have been constructed by thousands of labourers who quarried, cut, transported, and assembled an estimated approximately 2.3 million blocks (weighing an average of 2.5 to 15 tons) of limestone and granite.

Ancient Egyptians’ Beliefs and Religion

The pyramid structures of ancient Egypt have long been associated with beliefs surrounding death, rebirth, and the afterlife – beliefs that were deeply rooted in ancient Egyptian religion. In this society, where life on Earth was often seen as a brief passage between the eternal realms of life and death, pyramid-shaped tombs were believed to be vehicles by which the deceased could ascend into the afterlife.

It is thought that pyramid structures served both religious and political purposes, offering protection for pharaohs in their journey through the afterlife while also functioning as impressive reminders of their power during their lifetime.

Pyramid Construction & Technology

The pyramid construction began in earnest during the Fourth Dynasty when King Sneferu (2575-2465 BC) first introduced a pyramid shape for royal tombs—a dramatic shift from earlier tomb designs.

Through experience gained from building pyramids at Dahshur and Meidum, pyramid builders developed better techniques to construct these massive structures, including accurately levelling the pyramid’s base, lining up its sides with true north, and creating smooth slopes that rise to meet at a single point.

While some scholars believe that the ancient Egyptians used pulleys and levers to move the stones into place, others suggest they may have employed more creative methods, such as water basins, sleds, and earthen ramps to construct the pyramid.

Mystery and Allure Surrounding the Pyramids

Although pyramid construction ended with the death of King Pepi II, the Second King of the Sixth Dynasty, these monuments remain shrouded in mystery. Some have suggested that pyramid structures were built by advanced aliens or had supernatural powers, while others believe they served some sort of religious purpose.

What secrets do they hold about ancient Egyptian society? Are they evidence of a lost civilisation or are they simply impressive architectural reminders of a great and powerful culture that rose, flourished, and ultimately declined along the banks of the Nile River? Only time will tell as we continue to unravel their mysteries.

Exploring Egypt’s Iconic Pyramids Today

Today, pyramid structures are still a major tourist attraction in Egypt, attracting millions of visitors each year. From guided tours and private excursions to camel rides and hot-air balloon trips, modern travellers have no shortage of ways to explore these iconic monuments. Additionally, many ancient Egyptian religious practices and beliefs continue to influence modern-day spirituality and culture in Egypt and worldwide.

Although tomb robbers and vandals have stripped most of these monuments of their original limestone coverings and plundered many of the interiors, they remain potent reminders of Egypt’s impressive history and engineering feats. The pyramids still stand today as a testament to a great civilization that once ruled over this part of the world, a civilization whose mysteries continue to fascinate people centuries after its golden age had passed into history.